Leonardo Kenji Miyashita Biodiversity, distribution, feeding and trophic role of marine mysids (Crustacea, Peracarida, Mysida) Thesis submitted to the Oceanographic Institute of the University of São Paulo, as part of the requirements to obtain the title of Doctor of Science, Oceanography Program, Biological Oceanography area. Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Danilo L. Calliari São Paulo 2014 University of São Paulo Oceanographic Institute Biodiversity, distribution, feeding and trophic role of marine mysids (Crustacea, Peracarida, Mysida) Leonardo Kenji Miyashita Thesis submitted to the Oceanographic Institute of the University of São Paulo, as part of the requirements to obtain the title of Doctor of Science, Oceanography Program, Biological Oceanography area. Judged on ____/____/______, _______________________________ ______________ Prof. Dr. Danilo L. Calliari Grade _______________________________ ______________ Prof. Dr. Grade _______________________________ ______________ Prof. Dr. Grade _______________________________ ______________ Prof. Dr. Grade _______________________________ ______________ Prof. Dr. Grade i Acknowledgments I thank: the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq, grants 142203/2010-6, 142050/2012-1, and 245466/2012-6) for the financial support; my amazing supervisor Danilo Calliari for the great orientation, even being distant you were always present when I needed your help; June F. Dias for all your help and kindness, without your support this work wouldn‘t be possible; J. Emmett Duffy for all your support and receptivity, even being very busy you accepted me as your student and welcomed me with open arms; Ana M. S. Pires-Vanin and Márcia R. Denadai for constructive comments on an earlier version of chapter 4; the anonymous reviewers for comments that improved chapters 2 and 4; Márcio H. Ohkawara, Márcio K. Yamashita, Miodeli Nogueira Jr., Naira J. Silva, Silvia A. Gonsales, and Viviane Cezar for assistance during sampling and laboratory analyses; J. Paul Richardson, S. Chak, J. Lefcheck, S. Bornbusch, E. French, K. Gadeken, D. Hall, and S. Ziegler for your help with the mesocosm experiments; J.P. Richardson for all your help during my stay in USA; Davi Secomandi, Luís C. da Silva, and Tomas E. da Silva for technical support; Mário Katsuragawa and Mônica Petti for allowing me to use the facilities of the Biological Collection Prof. E.F. Nonato; Ana Paula, Letícia and Silvana for your help; the staff of the Cananeia coastal station (IOUSP) for all the assistance; all the professors and employees of the Oceanographic Institute (IOUSP) that helped me during all these years; all my friends for your friendship and support; the love of my life, Wal Aquino, for your love, friendship and for being my inspiration; my family for all the support and for always being present in my life. ii Summary Index of figures ................................................................................................................. v Index of tables ................................................................................................................ vii Abstract .......................................................................................................................... viii Resumo ............................................................................................................................. x Chapter 1. Introduction ..................................................................................................... 1 1.1. References .......................................................................................................................... 4 Chapter 2. Revision of mysids (Crustacea: Peracarida: Mysida) zoogeographical distribution in the Southwest Atlantic (0° to 40°S) ......................................................... 11 Abstract ................................................................................................................................... 11 2.1. Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 11 2.2. Material and methods ....................................................................................................... 12 2.3. Results .............................................................................................................................. 13 2.4. Discussion ........................................................................................................................ 30 2.5. References ........................................................................................................................ 32 Chapter 3. Distribution, salinity tolerance and production of dominant mysids from the Cananeia-Iguape Coastal System, southeast Brazil ........................................................ 41 Abstract ................................................................................................................................... 41 3.1. Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 41 3.2. Methods ............................................................................................................................ 43 3.2.1. Study site ................................................................................................................... 43 3.2.2. Sample collection and analyses ................................................................................. 43 3.2.3. Salinity tolerance ....................................................................................................... 46 3.3. Results .............................................................................................................................. 47 3.3.1. Environmental variables ............................................................................................ 47 3.3.2. Zooplankton .............................................................................................................. 47 3.3.3. Mysids ....................................................................................................................... 48 3.3.4. Salinity tolerance ....................................................................................................... 50 iii 3.4. Discussion ........................................................................................................................ 50 3.5. Conclusions ...................................................................................................................... 57 3.6. References ........................................................................................................................ 57 Chapter 4. Species-specific and combined feeding rates and selectivity of dominant mysids from a subtropical estuary, Brazil ...................................................................... 62 Abstract ................................................................................................................................... 62 4.1. Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 62 4.2. Materials and Methods ..................................................................................................... 64 4.2.1. Study site ................................................................................................................... 64 4.2.2. Mysid sampling ......................................................................................................... 64 4.2.3. Feeding selectivity ..................................................................................................... 64 4.2.4. Functional response ................................................................................................... 66 4.2.5. Intraguild predation ................................................................................................... 67 4.3. Results .............................................................................................................................. 67 4.3.1. Feeding rates and selectivity ..................................................................................... 67 4.3.2. Functional response ................................................................................................... 69 4.3.3. Intraguild predation ................................................................................................... 70 4.4. Discussion ........................................................................................................................ 70 4.4.1. Feeding rates and selectivity ..................................................................................... 70 4.4.2. Functional response ................................................................................................... 72 4.4.3. Mysid species interaction .......................................................................................... 73 4.5. Conclusions ...................................................................................................................... 75 4.6. References ........................................................................................................................ 76 Chapter 5. Effects of predator species number and spatial heterogeneity on prey suppression ....................................................................................................................