View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Humanities Commons Thirsty work – brass bands and the temperance movement in the 19th century Gavin Holman – March 2018 Playing a brass instrument is thirsty business. All that pneumatic effort, spit and water vapour will leave the average player needing a good drink after a rehearsal or a concert – possibly the reason that brass bands, in particular, have been renowned for enjoying a tipple or two – though hopefully not before their performances. Nevertheless, brass bands have had a long association with the temperance movement, which advocated abstinence from alcohol, helping to promote the teetotal message to the public. The 19th century saw the rise of the fight against alcohol and the parallel increase in the popularity and availability of bands led to brass bands being adopted or established by various temperance organisations. This paper gives a brief overview of the temperance movement and brass bands associated with it, together with some contemporary portraits of temperance bands, drink-related band tales, and lists of the temperance bands over the last 200 years Contents The temperance movement ....................................... 2 Temperance organisations ........................................ 3 Temperance brass bands ........................................... 4 Some stories of (in)temperance ................................ 6 Some pictures of (in)temperance ........................... 10 Profiles of ten temperance bands (1910) ............... 12 Lists of temperance bands ....................................... 25 1 The temperance movement Many bands in the 19th century had a close association with alcohol, especially beer. It is no doubt a very thirsty business playing a brass instrument and, coupled with the fact that potable drinking water was not readily available, with the abundance of brewing establishments and the practice of many employers of providing beer (albeit weak) as part payment or general sustenance, it can come as no surprise that alcoholic refreshment went hand in hand with bandsmen. Of course, it was not only the bandsman who was afflicted with a taste for the hoppy brew. Across the country, and particularly in the working classes, issues with drink and drunkenness were increasingly becoming of concern. Two engravings by William Hogarth – Gin Lane and Beer Street – illustrate the concerns of society in the mid-18th century. Early temperance groups only required their members to sign a pledge against the more 'ardent spirits'. Beer was, at that time, viewed as not dangerous, being less potent. It also had the backing of the government with the Beerhouse Act (1830), which allowed any ratepayer to sell beer or cider, resulting in an explosion of beerhouses across England and Wales. Consequently it was not long before various temperance and abstinence organisations were started, persuading people to “take the pledge” and give up alcohol. By the mid-1830's there were calls for the total abstinence from all intoxicating liquors. The temperance movement was particularly strong in Ireland in the early 1840s. The Catholic Capuchin monk Father Theobald Mathew, of Cork City, led the revolt against alcohol, founding the Cork Total Abstinence Society. He encouraged the formation of temperance brass bands to help gather crowds for pledge meetings and to offer non-alcoholic entertainment to the public. For the bandsmen, their band practices kept them out of the pubs, and band processions and concerts helped spread the temperance message. At the movement's height in Ireland, there were 33 temperance bands in Cork. In addition to the music of brass bands, there were temperance songs and music (for piano, vocal solos, four-part harmony and choirs), and poems exhorting the benefits of abstinence and the dangers of drinking. The tonic sol-fa movement grew symbiotically with that of temperance and, with developments in printing and distribution, this musical technology enabled the effective spread of the temperance messages through entertainment and song. Many of the songs and tunes were not merely entertainment, they were also instructive and, on occasion, designed to rouse the singer, performer and audience to action. The movement 2 organised parades, processions, meetings, galas & fetes, displays, shows, and even brass band contests, all to help promote the idea of abstinence. Non-drinkers could partake in a wide range of alternative activities at “temperance” locations. Over time there arose temperance coffee and cocoa shops, hotels, billiard rooms, and musical halls. These were in addition to the hundreds of meeting rooms, halls, institutes, chapels and missions that were built, within which the message was promoted and entertainment given. The temperance music halls in London were: St Pancras Temperance Music Hall (1856-1882) Bethnal Green Temperance Music Hall (1861-1894) Shoreditch Temperance Music Hall (1863-1875) Westminster Temperance Music Hall (1875-1886) South Metropolitan Temperance Music Hall (1877-1896) Monarch Temperance Music Hall (Bethal Green) (1884-1890) King's Temperance Music Hall (Stepney) (1890-1903) Temperance organisations The temperance movement in the 19th century was partly driven by various religious groups but non-religious and fraternal organisations also arose. Many of these turned to brass bands to help spread their message of teetotalism. Some of the more common ones were: • I.O.G.T. (International Order of Good Templars) founded in New York in 1851, rapidly gaining members and crossing the Atlantic to Britain and Ireland • Church of England Temperance Society – founded in 1862 • Church of Ireland Temperance Society • International Order of Rechabites – founded in 1835 and based on the teachings of Rechab. Originally established as a friendly society offering sick and funeral payments for members • Band of Hope (for children, primarily) founded in Leeds in 1847 – also Young Abstainers Unions • Blue Ribbon Army, also known as the Gospel Temperance Association • League of the Cross – a Catholic total abstinence organisation founded in 1873 • Sons of the Phoenix – including the “United Order Total Abstinent Sons of Phoenix” and the “Original Grand Order Total Abstinent Sons of Phoenix” • Sons of Temperance • the Salvation Army • British Women’s Temperance Association (Christian/non-denominational) – founded in 1876, later known as the White Ribbon Army • various “Total Abstinence”, “Teetotal” and “Suppression of Drunkenness” societies • various Wesleyan, Primitive Methodist, and Baptist missions 3 Temperance brass bands Some of today’s brass bands started their life as temperance bands, losing that association at some point during their history. In most cases the reasons for this are not known, but sometimes it was due to the band members deciding that abstinence, or allegiance to that cause, was no longer was appropriate; other times the issue was forced by bandsmen “falling off the wagon” and being disowned by the associated teetotal society or church. There are several instances recorded where temperance bandsmen were either seen in drinking establishments, or being under the influence of alcohol, and the result was either the abandonment of “temperance” from the band’s name, or the disbanding of the band. The entire Bramley Old Reed Band took the abstinence pledge in 1836, and converted to all- brass instrumentation at the same time, becoming Bramley Old Brass Band. Other early temperance bands included: Castletown Rechabite Band (1838), Caersws Rechabite Brass Band and Garstang Temperance Band (1839), Darwen Temperance Band, Dunstable Teetotal Brass Band and Norwich Teetotal Brass Band (1840). Only four current brass bands retain “temperance” in their names - and probably in name only – i.e. Dundrod Temperance Silver Band, Raunds Temperance Band, Rothwell Temperance Band, and Tongwynlais Temperance Silver Band. Boxted Methodist Band (founded in 1898) would also probably been associated with abstinence in its early days, at least. Of the 1,900 or so temperance bands identified so far, most had either folded or abandoned their temperance name (if not principles) by the end of the 19th century, and few survived WW1 (as was the case with many other bands). 4 Further details There are a good number of books and papers addressing the issues of alcoholism and the attempts over the last 250 years to move society towards teetotalism. Only one paper specifically addresses temperance bands, though several others do allude to, or refer to temperance issues with respect to the brass band movement. Couling, Samuel – History of the Temperance Movement in Great Britain and Ireland; from the Earliest Date to the Present Time; with Biographical Notes of Departed Temperance Worthies – William Tweedie, London, 1862 Davison, Andrew - Try the alternative: the built heritage of the temperance movement - Brewery History - No. 123, Summer 2006, pp. 92-109 Ewing, George W. – The Well-Tempered Lyre: Songs of the Temperance Movement – Southwest Review – Vol. 56 (2), Spring 1971, pp. 139-155 Kearney, Aiveen - Temperance bands and their significance in nineteenth century Ireland - M.A. thesis, University College Cork, 1981 Knight - So Who Are the Rechabites and Druids? - Hampshire Family Historian - Vol. 24, no. 4, pp. 264-266 Lloyd-Smith - Accounts of Abstention. Glimpsing the Lives of Our Teetotal Ancestors - Genealogists’ Magazine - Vol. 28, no. 1, pp. 22-25 Mcallister, Annemarie – Picturing the Demon