Notes Introduction The Seeds of War 1. John Dewey, China, Japan and the USA: Present-Day Conditions in the Far East and Their Bearing on the Washington Conference, New Republic Pamphlet No. 1 (New York: Republic Publishing Company, November 12, 1921), 9. 2. Ibid., 26. 3. Ibid., 63. 4. Richard F. Calichman, ed., Contemporary Japanese Thought (New York: Columbia University Press, 2005), 105. 5. George H. Gallup, The Gallup Poll: Public Opinion, 1935–1948 (New York: Random House, 1972), 39. 6. Richard Smethurst, A Social Basis of Prewar Japanese Militarism: The Army and the Rural Community (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1974). 7. Akira Iriye, Cultural Internationalism and World Order, 45. John F. Howes, Nitobe Inazô: Japan’s Bridge across the Pacific no, leave in, first reference. 8. Current Research Program, American Council, Institute of Pacific Relations, October 31, 1938, Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Columbia University, New York, 5. Chapter 1 American Perceptions of Japan: Liberal Modernity or Feudal Militarism 1. Analysis of the Reader’s Guide to Periodical Literature by James Uregen, October 2003. 2. Walter Lafeber, The Clash: U.S.-Japanese Relations Throughout History (New York: W.W. Norton, 1998), 84. 3. Hirao Ren, “The Campaign of Education among Americans and Why,” The Japanese Student, Vol. 1, No. 2 (December 1916), 2. 4. Sheila K. Johnson, The Japanese through American Eyes (Stanford University Press, 1988), v. 5. A.B. Simpson, Larger Outlooks on Missionary Lands (New York: Christians Alliance Publishing, 1893), 551, 542. 6. Edward Said, Orientalism (New York: Random House, 1979). 7. Johnson, The Japanese, v. 226 Notes 8. Joe Hennings, Outposts of Civilization: Race, Religion, and the Formative Years of American-Japanese Relations (New York: New York University Press, 2000), Chapter 4. 9. Ibid., 109–111. 10. Ibid., 105–106. Mari Yoshihara, Embracing the East: White Women and American Orientalism (New York: Oxford University Press, 2000). Stefan Tanaka, “Imaging History: Inscribing Belief in the Nation,” The Journal of Asian Studies, Vol. 53, No. 1. (February 1994), 24–30. 11. J.O.P. Bland, China, Japan, and Korea (New York: Charles Scribner and Sons, 1921), 318. 12. Editorials, Dr. Frank Crane, “What the Orient Thinks of Us,” Current Opinion, April 1922, 450–453. Bland, China, Japan and Korea, 176–177. 13. William Elliot Griffis, “Japan, Child of the World’s Old Age: An Empire of Mountainous Islands, Whose Alert People Constantly Conquer Harsh Forces of Land, Sea and Sky,” National Geographic Magazine, Vol. 63, No. 3 (March 1933). The Mikado was on several reading lists including this one: “Books on Japan,” Literary Digest, Vol. 72 (January 1922), 71. 14. Sidney Gulick, White Peril in the Far East: An Interpretation of the Significance of the Russo-Japanese War (New York: Fleming Revell, 1905), 29. 15. Nitobe Inazô, Bushido, seventeenth edition (Tokyo: Charles E. Tuttle Company, 1984), 189–192. William Henry Chamberlin, “How Strong Is Japan?” The Atlantic Monthly, Vol. 160 (December 1937), 788–789. 16. Thomas Millard, The New Far East (New York: Scribner’s Sons, 1906), 18. 17. George William Knox, The Spirit of the Orient (New York: T. Y. Crowell & Co., 1906), 254–255. 18. Ibid., 62. 19. Ibid., 289–290. 20. Knox, Spirit of the Orient, 256–257. 21. Akira Iriye, Cultural Internationalism and World Order, 41. 22. Arthur Judson Brown, “Twenty Books on Japan Worth Reading,” Missionary Review of the World (October 1923), 874. 23. Sidney Gulick, White Peril in the Far East, 88. 24. Ibid., 106. 25. Sherwood Eddy, The Challenge of the East (New York: Farrar and Rhinehart, 1931), 120–124. 26. Circular Letter, Sherwood Eddy, September 20, 1922, Found in Sherwood Eddy Biographical File, Kautz Family YMCA Archives, St. Paul, MN, here- after referred to as KFYMCA Archives. 27. Galen M. Fisher, Creative Forces in Japan (New York: Missionary Education Movement of the United States and Canada, 1923), 35. 28. Putnam Weale, An Indiscreet Chronicle from the Pacific (London: George Allen and Unwin, Ltd., 1923), 2. See also H.M. Hyndman, The Awakening of Asia (New York: Boni and Liveright, 1919), 126. 29. Jesse Willis Jefferies, “What Japan Is Thinking,” New York Times Current History (1921), 927. 30. Bland, China Japan and Korea, 176–177. Notes 227 31. Stephen King Hall, Western Civilization and the Far East (London: Methuen and Co., 1925), 30, 118. 32. Ibid., 279. 33. Andrew Gordon, Labor and Imperial Democracy in Prewar Japan, (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1991). 34. Marguerite Harrison, Yellow Dragon and Red Bear (London: Brentano’s Ltd., Published in United States by George H. Doran Company, 1924), 40. 35. Ibid., 53–54. 36. Stanley Hornbeck, Contemporary Politics in the Far East (New York: D. Appleton and Company, 1918), 214. 37. Fujitani Takashi, Splendid Monarchy: Power and Pageantry in Modern Japan (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998). 38. Modris Eksteins, Rites of Spring: The Great War and the Birth of the Modern Age (New York: Anchor Books, 1989). 39. Russell F. Weigley, “The Role of the War Department and the Army,” Pearl Harbor As History: Japanese-American Relations, 1931–1941, Dorothy Borg and Shumpei Okamoto, eds. (New York: Columbia University Press, 1973), 186. Chapter 2 Japanese Response to Orientalism 1. E.E. Speight, “The English Reading of Young Japan,” The Living Age, excerpted from Japan Advertiser, Vol. 316 (March 17, 1923), 663. Robert Nichols, “Young Japan and Its Reading,” The Literary Review, Vol. 3 (July 7, 1923), 818. 2. Rev. S.H. Wainright, “What the Japanese are Reading,” The Missionary Review of the World (December 1923), 991–992. 3. Tsurumi Yusuke, Contemporary Japan, (Tokyo: The Japan Times, 1927), 88–92. 4. Quoted in Genzo Yamamoto, “The Pacific War as Civilizational Conflict,” Historically Speaking, Vol. 4 , No. 1 (September 2002), 26–27. 5. Nitobe Inazô, “The Manchurian Question and Sino-Japanese Relations,” and “Japan and the United States,” The Works of Nitobe Inazô, Vol. IV, Takagi Yasaka, ed. (Tokyo: University of Tokyo Press, 1972), 221–233, 259. 6. Nitobe Inazô, “Character of the Occidentalization of Japan,” The Works of Nitobe Inazô, Vol. I, 444. 7. Ibid., 441, 442, 451, 461. 8. Ibid., 442–446. 9. Ibid., 455–456. 10. Tsurumi Yusuke, Contemporary Japan, 187–196. 11. Ibid., 209–211. 12. Katsuji Kato, “Editorials,” The Japanese Student, Vol. 3, No. 6 (March 1919), 179. 13. Kawashima Saijiro, “A Word to Japan and America,” trans. Katsuji Kato from Dai Nihon, August 1921, The Japan Review, Vol. 5, No. 12 (October 1921), 214–215. 228 Notes 14. Shibusawa Eiichi, “American-Japanese Relations and World Peace,” (translated from Taiyo, 1919) The Japanese Student, Vol. 3, No. 8 (May 1919), 257. 15. The Autobiography of Ozaki Yukio: The Struggle for Constitutional Government in Japan, trans. Fujiko Hara (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2001), 327–328. 16. Ibid., 328–329. 17. Akira Iriye, Cultural Internationalism and World Order, 45–46. 18. Professor Yoshino Sakuzo, “Japan’s Rising Tide of Liberalism,” The Living Age, November 22, 1919, reprinted from Japan Advertiser, September 11, 1919, 154. 19. Ibid., 154–155. 20. Baron Yoshiaki Fujimura, “China As Seen by Foreigners,” Japan Review, Vol. 5, No. 4 (February 1921), 62–63. 21. T. Okamoto, “American-Japanese Issues and the Anglo-Japanese Alliance,” The Contemporary Review (1920), 355. 22. Yamato Ishibashi, “Industrial Plight of Japan,” Asia, Vol. 19, No. 9 (September 1919), 906–908. Fujimura, “China as Seen by Foreigners,” 62–63. Gordon Chang, Morning Glory, Evening Shadow: Yamato Ichihashi and His Internment Writings, 1942–1945, 56. 23. Kenkichi Mori, “Japan’s Effort in China,” The Japanese Student, Vol. 2, No. 3 (February 1918), 92–93. 24. Ryutaro Nagai, “Japan between Scylla and Charybdis,” The Living Age (November 22, 1919), 445. Sharon Minichiello, Retreat from Reform: Patterns of Political Behavior in Interwar Japan (Honolulu: University of Hawai’i Press, 1984), 1–2. 25. Nagai, “Japan between Scylla and Charybdis,” 445–446. See also a report of Japanese reaction to the Versailles Treaty in Quarterly Letter, V.S. Peeke, Series IV, No. 4, July 20, 1919, 2. Found in V.S. Peeke Papers, Yale Divinity School Library Special Collections, Hereafter referred to as YDSL, New Haven, CT. 26. Jon Thares Davidann, A World of Crisis and Progress: The American YMCA in Japan, 1890–1930, Chapter 2. Setsuo Uenoda, “When East Meets West I. Japan’s Right to Empire,” Asia, Vol. 19, No. 12 (December 1919), 1214–1217. 27. Ozaki, Autobiography, 324. 28. Ibid., 326. 29. Ozaki Yukio, “Kokka no sombo to kokusai remmei,” (“The League of Nations and the Fate of the Nation”) Kokusai Chishiki (International Understanding), February 1921, 2–3. National Diet Library, Tokyo. 30. Nitobe Inazô, “Why Is Japan in the League of Nations,” International Gleanings from Japan (Tokyo: The League of Nations Association of Japan), Vol. 3, Nos. 10, 11 (October–November 1927), 1, 7, 8. National Diet Library, Tokyo. Nitobe Inazô, “Dr. Nitobe Answers Japanese Objections to the League,” International Gleanings from Japan, (March 1928), articles first published in Japan Times, 3, 7, 10. Ebina Danjo, “Urging the Awakening of the Nation to the Spread of the Attitudes Surrounding the League of Nations,” Kaitakusha (March 1920), 15. Notes 229 31. Shigetomo Sayegusa, “A Practicable World Order,” Contemporary Japan, Vol. 2 (June 1933), 62–63. 32. Anesaki Masaharu, “Bunka mondai toshite no kokusai remmei,” (“The League of Nations and the Problem of Culture”) Kokusai Chishiki (International Understanding), November 1920, 20–21. Chapter 3 War Talk and John Dewey: Tensions concerning China 1. Charles Edward Russell, “The Japanese-American Relations,” The Japan Review, Vol. 5, No. 11 (September 1921), reprinted from New World, 207. 2. Captain Mizuno Hironori, “Can Japan and America Fight?” The Living Age, translated from Chuo Koron, Vol. 29 (August 11, 1923), 254–260.