An Air Force Major Air Command . The Air Defense Command HE TASK confronting the Air Defense Command ADC Commander Lt. Gen. in accomplishing its primary mission of fulfilling Herbert B. Thatcher served Air Force responsibilities for aerospace defense as a World War H combat T wing commander and of the US is almost as complicated as the wiring in operations officer in the one of its huge computers. European Theater. A 1932 At one end of the spectrum, as the only Air Force West Point graduate and a major command actively operating daily in space, ADC military flyer since 1936, he plans and initiates measures to minimize the space served with USAFE, with the threat. At the other end, it conducts on-the-job train- Joint Chiefs of Staff, and ing in the more mundane chores of everyday opera- as Chief of Staff, UN Com- tions at unit level. Between these two extremes lie the mand, US Forces in Korea myriad responsibilities of a dually oriented organiza- before assuming command tion whose Commander, Lt. Gen. Herbert B. Thatcher, of ADC in 1963. reports to both the Chief of Staff, USAF, and the Commander in Chief of the joint US-Canadian North that they are combat-ready and responsive to oper- American Air Defense Command ( NORAD ). ational needs of CINCNORAD. In short, ADC pro- When he wears the cap of commander of a major vides; NORAD employs. These USAF forces represent Air Force command, General Thatcher is responsible approximately seventy-one percent of aerospace de- to the Chief of Staff for the administration, training, fense resources available to CINCNORAD. and support functions of ADC and other matters of The area of Air Defense Command responsibility is uniservice interest. As USAF component commander unlimited, encompassing the continental US and its of NORAD, he is responsible for organizing, training, approaches and, as the Air Force component of and equipping all USAF aerospace defense forces so NORAD, extending to the farthest reaches of the North American continent and the aerospace above. To perform effectively in this dual capacity, ADC must have highly qualified people, the most modem equipment and weapons, and a vast communications network. Its extremely effective fighting force repre- sents a capital investment of $8 billion and requires an annual operating budget of approximately $1.1 billion. ADC's communications network alone covers L5 million miles of circuitry. From his headquarters at Ent AFB in Colorado Springs, Colo., General Thatcher directs a global military-civilian force of 110,000. Some 414 ADC units are currently stationed at 194 locations within the US, with twenty more in Canada and overseas. ADC's ground-environment and air-interceptor op- erations in the US are managed and controlled through ADC's air defense airpower stable includes the Convair F-106 Delta Dart jet interceptor, shown here being loaded with five geographically oriented SAGE ( Semi-Automatic the Genie (AIR-2) air-to-air rocket, which packs nuclear Ground Environment) air divisions which, in turn, power sufficient to knock one or several enemy aircraft from the cky. ADC's mission ranges from air defense to direct air-defense actions of fifteen air-defense sectors. space trackl fig, covering continental US and its approaches. A separate, nontactical air division in Florida directs 84 AIR FORCE •az;ne September 1964 ADC's weapons-test and combat-crew-training respon- sibilities. ADC's remaining air division—the 9th Aero- space Defense Division at Ent AFB—is the only one with global rather than geographical responsibilities. The 9th conducts space-surveillance operations through the far-flung USAF Spacetrack system and operates the Ballistic Missile Early Warning System ( BMEWS ). In addition, Air Defense Command is responsible for supervising the training of Air National Guard air defense units, which currently number twenty-two fighter squadrons and two AC&W radar squadrons. ADC's counterforce stable includes Bomarc B ground-to-air interceptor missiles and fighter-intercep- AboNe, the EC-121, ADC's airborne warning and patrol craft tor squadrons equipped with Century-series McDon- flown along East and West Coasts, serves as an extension of the nation's air defense warning system hundreds of nell F-101B Voodoo, Convair F-102 Delta Dagger and miles seaward. The system is tied in electronically with SAGE. F-106 Delta Dart, and Lockheed F-104A Starfighter aircraft. These fighters are armed with an arsenal of fighter-interceptor weapon systems, and ( 3) to evalu- air-to-air missiles and rockets ranging from the large, ate ability of USAF crews to maintain, handle, and nuclear AIR-2A Genie to the pencil-thin, conventional load defensive weapons. Pittsburgh's red-hot 146th AIM-9B Sidewinder. The Vulcan Gatling-gun cannon FIS ( ANG) flew off with over-all meet honors and rounds out the ADC weapons inventory. won the F-102 competition. The 445th FIS from In recent years, ADC has been faced with the diffi- Wurtsmith AFB, Mich., took first-place honors in the cult and expensive task of building and refining a F-101 category, and the 318th FIS of McChord AFB, detection and tracking capability in space, while still Wash., won the F-106 title. The Pennsylvania Air maintaining and improving defenses against the Guard Squadron entered as favorites, having previous- manned bomber. The threat of ballistic missiles has ly won AFA's Ricks Trophy and the ADC "A" Award. been added to the manned and unmanned air-breath- ADC also had an opportunity to test its wartime ing offensive weapon threat. Survival demands a de- capabilities under field conditions when it participated fensive capability in depth to meet both threats. in two of the largest peacetime military maneuvers In its continuing efforts to achieve such a dual ever held in the US—Swift Strike III in July 1963 and capability, ADC—during the year ending June 30, Desert Strike in May 1964. ADC's major effort in the 1964—witnessed a number of significant events: exercises, often called a "pilot's paradise and a radar ADC's primary task to detect, identify, intercept, man's nightmare," came in the opening offense-defense and destroy hostile targets received a realistic test in air-superiority phase. Three F-102 units and six radar October at William Tell, 1963, the biennial USAF units performed yeoman duty in last year's Carolina Worldwide Fighter-Interceptor Weapons Meet at maneuvers. Desert Strike saw supersonic F-106s and Tyndall AFB, Fla. Fourteen top Air Force squadrons F-101Bs, along with SAGE sectors and radar sites, competed in the week-long competition to: (1 ) decide plus ANG F-100s and F-86s, join in the mock battle who had the best aircrew/controller team in the USAF in Southern California, Arizona, and Nevada. air defense system, (2 ) to demonstrate capability of (Continued on page 87) AIR OEFENSE CON/WAND Headquarters, Ent AFB, Colo. Commander Lt. Gen. Herbert B. Thatcher F '6 9th Aerospace Defense Division 73d Air Division (Weapons) Ent AFB, Colo. Tyndall AFB, Fla. Brig. Gen. Horace A. Hanes Brig. Gen. Robert W. Burns .-3A-*OglekNVON0i.k="... -Y.1;?‘ati.Ni4S.:14.ZSZ,I AVA KA6i1-1 -$A:!.,,77.,M.7.-k7}?,1 r... i. 25th Air Division 26th Air Division 29th Air D ivision 30th Air Division (SAGE) (SAGE) (SAGE) (SAGE) McChord AFB, Wash. Hancock Field, N. Y. Richards-Gebaur AFB, Mo. Truax Field, Wis. Maj, Gen. William E. Elder Maj. Gen. Von R. Shores Maj. Gen. Dolf E. Muehleisen Maj. Gen. Frederick R. Terrell 28th Air Division (SAGE) Hamilton AFB, Calif. Maj. Gen. Conrad F. Necrason AIR FORCE Magazine • September 1964 85 AIR DEFENSE COMMAND CONTINUED Gigantic dish-shaped antenna are used in ADC's Ballistic Missile Early Warning System, with fa- cilities located at BMEWS sites in Greenland, Alaska, and at Fylingdales Moor, England. Some eighty-five feet in diameter, the dishes dwarf the carefully trained crews who man them. A six-year program to provide North America and mile-long sonic-boom path in five to seven minutes to the free world—through NORAD—with advance produce ground-level overpressures of up to a maxi- warning of a ballistic missile attack launched across mum of two pounds per square foot. Other supersonic the polar region was completed last September with aircraft later joined the 331st FIS of Richards-Gebaur activation of the third BMEWS station in the three- AFB, Mo., in test runs. site network at Fylingdales Moor, England. Like its Meanwhile, history was made by two F-101s of the sister installations at Thule, Greenland, and Clear, 29th FIS, Malmstrom AFB, Mont., when they moved Alaska, this blue-domed BMEWS site on the bleak huge quantities of snow by directing sonic booms at Yorkshire moors also assists in surveillance of man- potential avalanche areas in Glacier National Park. made objects orbiting in space. Called Operation Safe Slide 1964, the Air Force mis- September also saw ADC's fleet of airborne early- sion was to get snow to slide before park snow-removal warning-and-control aircraft begin operating off the crews and equipment entered the area. Previous at- East Coast with a new compact airborne semiauto- tempts to induce snow slides artificially had met with matic command-and-control system. The new Air- (Continued on following page) borne Long-Range Input (ALRI) System incorporated in EC-121H Warning Star aircraft extends SAGE coverage seaward. ALRI replaces the slower manual and voice teletype data-relay system previously em- ployed by RC-121s. Early in December, ADC and the Federal Aviation Agency began joint use of the Great Falls Air Defense Sector ( SAGE ), Great Falls, Mont., for civil and mili- tary air-traffic control.