International Perspectives on Aging 28 Series Editors: Jason L. Powell, Sheying Chen Kieran Walsh Thomas Scharf Sofie Van Regenmortel Anna Wanka Editors Social Exclusion in Later Life Interdisciplinary and Policy Perspectives International Perspectives on Aging Volume 28 Series Editors Jason L. Powell, Department of Social and Political Science, University of Chester, Chester, UK Sheying Chen, Department of Public Administration, Pace University New York, NY, USA The study of aging is continuing to increase rapidly across multiple disciplines. This wide-ranging series on International Perspectives on Aging provides readers with much-needed comprehensive texts and critical perspectives on the latest research, policy, and practical developments. Both aging and globalization have become a reality of our times, yet a systematic effort of a global magnitude to address aging is yet to be seen. The series bridges the gaps in the literature and provides cutting- edge debate on new and traditional areas of comparative aging, all from an international perspective. More specifcally, this book series on International Perspectives on Aging puts the spotlight on international and comparative studies of aging. More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/8818 Kieran Walsh • Thomas Scharf Sofe Van Regenmortel • Anna Wanka Editors Social Exclusion in Later Life Interdisciplinary and Policy Perspectives Funded by the Horizon 2020 Framework Programme of the European Union Editors Kieran Walsh Thomas Scharf Irish Centre for Social Gerontology, Population Health Sciences Institute Institute for Lifecourse and Society Newcastle University National University of Ireland Galway Newcastle upon Tyne, UK Galway, Ireland Anna Wanka Sofe Van Regenmortel Research Training Group ‘Doing Department of Adult Educational Sciences Transitions’ Vrije Universiteit Brussel Goethe University Frankfurt am Main Brussels, Belgium Frankfurt am Main, Germany ISSN 2197-5841 ISSN 2197-585X (electronic) International Perspectives on Aging ISBN 978-3-030-51405-1 ISBN 978-3-030-51406-8 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-51406-8 © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2021. This book is an open access publication. Open Access This book is licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this book are included in the book’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the book’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specifc statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors, and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affliations. This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland Acknowledgements Social exclusion in later life involves the marginalisation of older individuals and groups from mainstream society. It represents a complex set of research questions, a critical public and social policy challenge, and a profound societal concern for older people, families and communities in ageing societies. This has only been rein- forced, across Europe and internationally, by the outbreak of the coronavirus dis- ease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. The ways in which social exclusion can have a multifaceted impact on the daily lived experiences of older adults, and refect the engrained position of older people and ageing within our structures and institutions, render it a particularly diffcult issue to disentangle and tackle. With signifcant and welcomed advances in life expectancy, the task of answering these questions, over- coming these policy challenges and addressing these societal concerns has become critical – and even more so in the wake of the continuing developments related to COVID-19 and the implications for ageing societies. As co-editors of this book, we believe it is only by drawing together interdisciplinary and policy perspectives that we can provide the necessary scientifc evidence to inform how best to undertake this task and advance this feld of scholarship. This book is a result of a collaboration between members of the COST Action CA15122 Reducing Old-Age Social Exclusion – ROSEnet (www.rosenetcost.com), supported by COST (European Cooperation in Science and Technology). COST is a funding agency for research and innovation networks (www.cost.eu). The book stems directly from the research and analyses that were engaged in across the period of ROSEnet’s work programme, from 2016 to 2020. Although not all members are represented within this book, the debates and discussions that occurred as a part of ROSEnet seminars and conferences have contributed to the development of its themes and perspectives. It is on this basis we want to thank the PhD students; the early-stage, mid-career and senior researchers and academics; the policy stakehold- ers – particularly Patricia Conboy of HelpAge International and Maciej Kucharczyk of AGE Platform Europe for their expertise and guidance; and the Older Adult Reference Group who participated as members of ROSEnet. We would like to thank COST for giving us the opportunity to collaborate with these excellent colleagues v vi Acknowledgements from across the world, and we wish to acknowledge their fnancial support in facili- tating the open access license for this book. We would like to especially thank all of the contributors to this volume for embracing its aim, approach and collaborative nature with commitment and scien- tifc excellence. We would like to thank the ROSEnet working group co- leaders and the section introduction authors for their dedication to this project and for providing a critical framing of the different aspects of exclusion. As co-editors of this volume we are indebted to Niamh Hennelly for her editorial assistance, to Christine De Largy for her support throughout the development of the text, and Celia Sheridan for her assistance in the fnal proofng stages. Without the contributions of all of these individuals, this book would not have been possible. Galway, Ireland Kieran Walsh Newcastle, UK Thomas Scharf Brussels, Belgium Sofe Van Regenmortel Frankfurt, Germany Anna Wanka August, 2020 Contents Section I Introduction 1 The Intersection of Ageing and Social Exclusion ���������������������������������� 3 Kieran Walsh, Thomas Scharf, Sofe Van Regenmortel, and Anna Wanka Section II Economic Exclusion 2 Introduction: Framing Economic Exclusion . 25 Jim Ogg and Michal Myck 3 Socio-demographic Risk Factors Related to Material Deprivation Among Older Persons in Europe: A Comparative Analysis Based on SHARE Data . 31 Merle Sumil-Laanemaa, Luule Sakkeus, Allan Puur, and Lauri Leppik 4 Unemployment at 50+: Economic and Psychosocial Consequences �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 47 Elke Murdock, Marceline Filbig, and Rita Borges Neves 5 Coping Mechanisms of Divorced and Widowed Older Women to Mitigate Economic Exclusion: A Qualitative Study in Turkey and Serbia. 61 Hande Barlin, Katarina Vojvodic, Murat Anil Mercan, and Aleksandra Milicevic-Kalasic Section III Exclusion from Social Relations 6 Introduction: Framing Exclusion from Social Relations . 77 Vanessa Burholt and Marja Aartsen vii viii Contents 7 Exclusion from Social Relations Among Older People in Rural Britain and Belgium: A Cross-National Exploration Taking a Life-Course and Multilevel Perspective ���������������������������������������������� 83 Sofe Van Regenmortel, Bethan Winter, Angelika Thelin, Vanessa Burholt, and Liesbeth De Donder 8 Revisiting Loneliness: Individual and Country-Level Changes ���������� 99 Deborah Morgan, Lena Dahlberg, Charles Waldegrave, Sarmitė Mikulionienė, Gražina Rapolienė, Giovanni Lamura, and Marja Aartsen 9 Conflicting Relations, Abuse and Discrimination Experienced by Older Adults ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 119 Charles Waldegrave, Marja Aartsen, Ariela Lowenstein, Marjaana Seppänen, Mia Niemi, Maria Gabriella Melchiorre, and Giovanni Lamura Section IV Exclusion from Services 10 Introduction: Framing Exclusion from Services . 135 Veerle Draulans and Giovanni Lamura 11 Reversed Mobilities as a Means to Combat Older People’s Exclusion from Services: Insights from Two Alpine Territories in France and Italy . 141 Florent