Marcus Berger 1 Honors Thesis Mengarini Revisited: ATranslation and Analysis of Selections from Grammatica Linguae Selicae Proœmium Preface Rudimenta linguæ Selicæ nunc Now, for the first time, rudiments of the primum scripta traduntur. Idiomata indica a Salish language have been passed down in linguis scriptis et jam doctis toto cœlo written form. There is no one of those who have distare, ex iis, qui vel paululùm inter Indos spent even a little time among the Indians who is unaware that the Indian idioms are different from versati fuerint, nemo est qui nesciat. Cum the languages written and now taught in the igitur nova prorsus sit natura linguæ indicæ, whole rest of the world. Since, then, the nature of novo etiam ordine in ea exponenda opus the Indian language is utterly new, it might have fuisset nisi difficultati difficultatem been necessary to set it forth in a new way also; superaddere, quin potius, ex eo ispo quod but if I am not mistaken, this would have been jam per se laborem præbeat, operæ pretium nothing else except piling difficulty upon existimavi linguas notas ponè sequi, tum ut difficulty; rather, from the very fact that this difficultatem lenirem, tum ut diversitas in already is an arduous task, I have adjudged it comparatione linguarum primo intuitu worthwhile to follow in the model of known deprehenderetur. languages, in some places to lessen difficulty, in other places so that the difference in comparing Quod ut etiam facilius obtineatur, the languages could be perceived at first glance. totum opusculum in tres partes dividetur So that this might be more easily partes, quorum prima Rudimenta simplicia, obtained, the whole work is divided into three secunda dilucidationes in Rudimenta, tertia parts, of which the first encompasses simple verò Introductionem ad Syntaxim rudiments, the second elaborations on the complectitur, ita ut facilioribus ad rudiments, and the third an introduction to difficiliora gradus fiat, sicque erit ut neque syntax, so that the progression proceeds from the memoria distentetur, neque voluntas easier to the more difficult, and thus it will be despondeat. that neither will memory be strained, nor interest lost. Cuilibet regulæ concisè expositæ I have added a few brief examples to exempla pauca et brevia adnexi; curavi enim any rule that is concisely laid out; Indeed I have ut quam brevissimus essem, quin tamen seen to it that I should be as brief as possible, but perspicuitati obessem. without sacrificing clarity. Licet autem pro viribus octo circiter Although I have devoted my energies to annis huic labori operam naverim, atque ex this work for about eight years, and that of the iis, quae mihi mecessaria visa sunt, nihil things which to me seemed necessary, I have admodum prætermiserim, plurima tamen completely overlooked nothing; nevertheless certissime desunt (neque enim octo neque much is most certainly lacking (indeed neither octodecim sufficient anni ut linguam eight years nor eighteen years is sufficient for a indicam vel unam Europæus intime noverit) European to learn deeply even one Indian language) and many things will perhaps be multa etiam lapsu temporis mendosa forte found, after the passage of time, to be wrong; deprehendetur; verum, vel quibus jam datum but, whether some people or many others have est, vel si aliis multis, quod in votis est, been granted what they wished for, may it be datum fuerit audire: “Ite et vos in vineam granted to them to hear: “You too, go into my meam;” eorum erit tum quæ desiderantur vineyard;” then it will be their task to add the addere, tum quæ mendosa sunt corrigere; things that are desired and to correct the things mihi enim in præsentiarum satis est, si labor that are wrong; but for me it is enough at the hic qualiscumque et ad Gloriam Dei present moment if this work, whatever quality it propogandam cedat atque animarum has, enhances the spreading of the Glory of God and to some extent benefits the progress of profectui aliquomodo benevertat. souls. Marcus Berger 2 Honors Thesis It has been more than 150 years since Gregory Mengarini wrote the Grammatica Linguae Selicae, and since then it has remained untranslated and unanalyzed. This paper provides an analysis of Mengarini‟s phonemic description of the language and of selected portions of the nominal system in his grammar. I continue by providing thoughts on the use of the Latin language in the composition of the grammar. Finally, using three original manuscripts of the grammar transcribed by different copyists, I consider the reasons for inconsistencies in the original texts and the published version and what effects these might have had on the analysis of the language, especially with regard to accent markings. I. Introduction The Grammatica Linguae Selicae, written by Father Gregory Mengarini of the Society of Jesus and published in 1861 in Shea’s Library of American Linguistics v. II, is the first written analysis of the Montana Salish language. This grammar is based on his third attempt at a grammar; Mengarini reports that the first manuscript of the grammar was the most accurate but that it and the second copy were destroyed (Mooney 1911). There are three original manuscript copies of the grammar, all by different copyists, and all of which contain subtle differences. One copy, written in 1855 by Father Joseph Joset, includes several comments in the margins; another copy in was made in 1865 by Father D‟Ataste, and a final copy, which is undated, by an unknown author (Oregon Province Archives). Each of these manuscripts is slightly different in their account of Mengarini‟s grammar. There is no information available about which was used to create the published version. It is most likely not based on the work of the unknown copyist, since that manuscript leaves off on what is page 49 of the published manuscript (out of 122 pages). Marcus Berger 3 Honors Thesis Father Joset‟s copy uses chin- in place of tn- for the first person subject particle. This is closer to čn-, the modern transcription of the prefix, but inconsistent with the published version. The manuscript which is most consistent (though not entirely so) with the published version is Father D‟Ataste‟s copy. This is also the most difficult to read of the manuscripts, especially with regard to accent marking (discussed in Section III). This also poses a chronological problem, since Father D‟Ataste‟s manuscript is from 1865 and the grammar was published four years earlier in 1861. The published grammar contains unique elements from each of the manuscripts, but it is impossible to say that it is based solely on one of the copies. Accounts of many of the expeditions of the Jesuits and their Native American missions have been compiled, including Mengarini‟s own memoirs (Lothrop 1977). However, nearly 150 years later, Mengarini‟s grammar remains untranslated and unanalyzed with regard to the accuracy of his observations or to how the language may have changed since his grammar was written. With the last generation of native Montana Salish speakers growing older, it is necessary to revisit the early studies of this language. I first provide a history of the Jesuits‟ work on the Native languages of the Americas and discuss the structure of this specific grammar, laying out the points made by Mengarini based on the translation of selected portions of the text (provided in Appendix A). In Section II, I focus on Mengarini‟s ability to capture the phonemes of Montana Salish with the alphabet he uses, as well as how well his descriptions of the phonemes, largely based on European languages, capture elements of the Salish language. I continue, in Section III, with an analysis of the accent markings Mengarini uses, his description of their use, and their consistency throughout the grammar. Section IV looks into methods for Marcus Berger 4 Honors Thesis pluralization in Montana Salish and Section V discusses augmentatives, diminutives, and pejoratives. Finally, Section VI looks at the the role of Latin as the language in which Mengarini chose to write the grammar, focusing on the Latin grammatical categories that he uses to describe Montana Salish. The Society of Jesus was founded by Ignatius of Loyola in 1534. The Society, whose followers came to be known as Jesuits, has a history of missionary work throughout the world. It was suppressed in 1773 by the Catholic Church, but the restoration of the Society in 1814 allowed the Jesuits to continue their missionary work. They travelled to several different parts of the United States, working with the Potawatomi, tribes of the Iroquois, and several other tribes. In 1838 the Jesuits set up their first mission in the Oregon territory, which included the home of the Salish people, or Flatheads as they came to be known by the Jesuits. This mission was established at the request of the Salish people and their neighborins who sought a “Black Robe”, the Natives‟ name for priests. The first priest was Father Pierre Jean De Smet, who, after a short trip back to Missouri in 1841, returned to Montana with Father Gregory Mengarini, who was only thirty years old at the time. Mengarini, born in Italy in 1811, began his preparation for the Jesuits at the age of seventeen. With an interest in language, and having heard about the Flathead mission in a letter from Bishop Rosati, he was an ideal candidate to work in the Oregon country. Father De Smet also commented on Mengarini‟s mastery of language, as well as of music and medicine. Mengarini‟s Salish grammar does not seem structured in a logical way. It begins with a short introduction, followed by the pars prima, which includes several Marcus Berger 5 Honors Thesis chapters that explain the basic components of the language.