A Tale of Two Cities The Sheffield Project Bethan Thomas, John Pritchard, Dimitris Ballas, Dan Vickers and Danny Dorling Social & Spatial Inequalities Research Group Department of Geography The University of Sheffield http://www.shef.ac.uk/sasi Acknowledgements This research was commissioned and funded by David Blunkett, the MP for Sheffield Brightside constituency. Maps are based on boundary data provided through EDINA UKBORDERS with the support of the ESRC and JISC and uses boundary material which is copyright of the Crown. Census data were obtained from the Census Dissemination Unit, Mimas (University of Manchester), supported by the ESRC/JISC Census Programme. Other sources of data were South Yorkshire’s Local Area Statistics On-line Service (LASOS), the North East Community Assembly, NHS Sheffield, David Blunkett MP, HM Land Registry, the Office for National Statistics (ONS), ONS Neighbourhood Statistics, House of Commons Research Papers, the Department of Communities and Local Government (DCLG), Sheffield City Council, the Higher Education Funding Council for England (HEFCE), and NOMIS. The front cover photograph of Paul Waplington's Steelworker was taken by Dan Vickers. Thanks to Paul Coles for the Sheffield base map. Thanks to Carl Lee for reading and commenting on the draft report. 1 Contents Acknowledgements ...........................................................................................................1 Foreword by David Blunkett MP.......................................................................................9 Introduction......................................................................................................................13 Historical Context ...........................................................................................................16 Locator maps .................................................................................................................18 Chapter 1 : Poverty and Wealth......................................................................................25 1.1 Measuring poverty...............................................................................................25 1.2 Breadline poor measure ......................................................................................25 1.3 Measuring change ...............................................................................................26 1.4 What the charts tell us .........................................................................................27 1.5 Changes since the Census of 2001: Index of Multiple Deprivation......................27 1.6 Measuring absolute change: car ownership ........................................................29 Chapter 2 : Education......................................................................................................31 2.1 Pupil absence......................................................................................................32 2.2 KS1 results ..........................................................................................................32 2.3 Choice of secondary school ................................................................................33 2.4 GCSEs by constituency over time .......................................................................34 2.5 Staying on post–16..............................................................................................35 2.6 18–21 year-olds: the path they are taking ...........................................................41 2.7 Educational level of the adult population .............................................................43 2.8 Change in highly educated population.................................................................44 Chapter 3 : Unemployment and Income ........................................................................46 3.1 Unemployment over time.....................................................................................46 3.2 Income estimates ................................................................................................47 Chapter 4 : Housing.........................................................................................................49 4.1 Tenure and dwelling type ....................................................................................49 4.2 Council tax band..................................................................................................53 4.3 House prices........................................................................................................55 4.4 Housing Wealth ...................................................................................................59 4.5 Vacant Properties ................................................................................................61 4.6 Households moving in the previous 12 months ...................................................62 4.7 Burglary ...............................................................................................................64 Chapter 5 : Health ............................................................................................................67 5.1 Life expectancy at birth........................................................................................67 5.2 Low birth weight...................................................................................................75 5.3 Children's dental health .......................................................................................77 5.4 Standardised mortality ratios ...............................................................................79 5.5 GP practices........................................................................................................81 2 Chapter 6 : Transport ......................................................................................................85 6.1 Road traffic casualties .........................................................................................85 6.2 Method of travel to work ......................................................................................93 Chapter 7 : Policy and Spending....................................................................................94 7.1 Local policy and spending ...................................................................................94 7.2 Area comparisons..............................................................................................100 7.3 Neighbourhood Renewal Fund Category Allocations ........................................104 Concluding comments ..................................................................................................106 References .....................................................................................................................107 Appendix 1 .....................................................................................................................109 3 List of Locator maps Locator Map 1: Sheffield Base Map...................................................................................20 Locator Map 2: Parliamentary constituencies ....................................................................21 Locator Map 3: Tracts........................................................................................................21 Locator Map 4: Wards........................................................................................................22 Locator Map 5: Community Assembly areas .....................................................................22 Locator Map 6: Sheffield 100 Neighbourhoods..................................................................23 Locator Map 7: Cartogram of Sheffield 100 Neighbourhoods............................................24 4 List of Figures Figure 1.1: Breadline poverty in Sheffield Neighbourhoods in 1971, 1981, 1991 and 2001 .......................................................................................................................26 Figure 1.2: Change in relative poverty 1971–81, 1981–91, 1991–2001 & 1971–2001 ......27 Figure 1.3: Index of multiple deprivation 2004 and 2007 and change................................29 Figure 1.4: Car ownership 1971, 1981, 1991 and 2001.....................................................30 Figure 2.1: Pupil absence 2004 and 2007 .........................................................................32 Figure 2.2: Average KS1 score 2006–2007.......................................................................33 Figure 2.3: First choice secondary school place ................................................................33 Figure 2.4: Average GCSE point score..............................................................................34 Figure 2.5: Proportion of Year 11 pupils staying on in education.......................................35 Figure 2.6: Post 16 Activity: Full Time Education, 2005.....................................................36 Figure 2.7: Post 16 Activity: Full Time Education, 2007.....................................................37 Figure 2.8: Post 16 Activity: Full Time Education, change 2005–2007 ..............................37 Figure 2.9: Post 16 Activity: Training, 2005 .......................................................................38 Figure 2.10: Post 16 Activity: Training, 2007 .....................................................................38 Figure 2.11: Post 16 Activity: Training, change 2005–2007...............................................39