OUP UNCORRECTED PROOF – FIRST PROOF, 11/12/2015, SPi Plurality and Unity Dictionary: NOSD 0002624321.INDD 1 11/12/2015 3:07:20 PM OUP UNCORRECTED PROOF – FIRST PROOF, 11/12/2015, SPi Dictionary: NOSD 0002624321.INDD 2 11/12/2015 3:07:20 PM OUP UNCORRECTED PROOF – FIRST PROOF, 11/12/2015, SPi Plurality and Unity Logic, Philosophy, and Linguistics !"#$!" %& Massimiliano Carrara, Alexandra Arapinis, and Friederike Moltmann Dictionary: NOSD 0002624321.INDD 3 11/12/2015 3:07:20 PM OUP UNCORRECTED PROOF – FIRST PROOF, 11/12/2015, SPi Great Clarendon Street, Oxford, OX' (DP, United Kingdom Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide. 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Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the address above You must not circulate this work in any other form and you must impose this same condition on any acquirer Published in the United States of America by Oxford University Press *,- Madison Avenue, New York, NY *))*(, United States of America British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Data available Library of Congress Control Number: ')*.,//0/. ISBN ,1-–)–*,–-1*(0'–1 Printed and bound by CPI Group (UK) Ltd, Croydon, CR) /YY Links to third party websites are provided by Oxford in good faith and for information only. Oxford disclaims any responsibility for the materials contained in any third party website referenced in this work. Dictionary: NOSD 0002624321.INDD 4 11/12/2015 3:07:20 PM OUP UNCORRECTED PROOF – FIRST PROOF, 11/12/2015, SPi Contents Contributors vi Introduction vii Massimiliano Carrara and Friederike Moltmann Part I. Pluralities in Logic *. Relations as Plural-Predications in Plato 0 !eodore Scaltsas '. How to Harness Basic Law V *, Øystein Linnebo 0. Singularist Predicative Analyses and Boolos’s Second-Order Pluralism 00 Alex Oliver and Timothy Smiley /. +e Ontology and Logic of Higher-Order Multitudes .. Peter Simons .. +e Logicality of Second-Order Logic. An Analysis in Terms of Plural Arbitrary Reference and Acts of Choice 1) Francesca Boccuni, Massimiliano Carrara, and Enrico Martino Part II. Pluralities in Semantics (. Plural Reference and Reference to a Plurality: Linguistic Facts and Semantic Analyses ,0 Friederike Moltmann 1. Quanti2ers, Determiners, and Plural Constructions *'* Byeong-uk Yi -. Mass and Plural *1* !omas J. McKay ,. Linguistic Plurality and the Conceptualization of Part Structure *,/ Paolo Acquaviva *). Partial Involvement: Groups and their Structure '*, Alexandra Arapinis Dictionary: NOSD 0002624321.INDD 5 11/12/2015 3:07:20 PM OUP UNCORRECTED PROOF – FIRST PROOF, 11/12/2015, SPi Contributors P3454 A67839#93, University College Dublin A5!:3;"<3 A<3=#;#>, Laboratory for Applied Ontology, Trento F<3;6!>63 B4668;#, Vita-Salute San Ra?aele University, Milan M3>>#@#5#3;4 C3<<3<3, University of Padua Ø&>$!#; L#;;!%4, University of Oslo TA4@3> J. M6K3&, Syracuse University E;<#64 M3<$#;4, University of Padua F<#!"!<#B! M45$@3;;, Centre National de la Recherche Scienti2que, Paris A5!: O5#9!<, University of Cambridge TA!4"4<! S635$>3>, University of Edinburgh P!$!< S#@4;>, Trinity College Dublin T#@4$A& S@#5!&, University of Cambridge B&!4;C-UB Y#, University of Toronto Dictionary: NOSD 0002624321.INDD 6 11/12/2015 3:07:20 PM OUP UNCORRECTED PROOF – FIRST PROOF, 11/03/2015, SPi 4 !e Ontology and Logic of Higher-Order Multitudes Peter Simons 1 !e variety of collective objects !ere are many genera of collective objects and as yet nothing approaching a system- atic taxonomy of them. A collective object is anything which is a plurality. A plurality is something that has more than one object as a member. For example, a string quartet is four string players playing together: two violinists, a violist, and a cellist. Each of them is a member of the quartet. But not just any four such string players make up a string quartet. !ey have to play together to do that. Once string quartets are institutional- ized, it becomes possible for a quartet qua institution to survive the replacement of members; for example, the Hungarian Quartet had, at di"erent times, ten members, while the Borodin Quartet has had to date fourteen members. !e Amadeus Quartet by contrast always had the same four members. Many collectives have variable membership, for example a club, a university, a batal- lion. Collectives which never change their members are temporally rigid. Collectives which essentially have just the members they do have are modally rigid. Clubs etc. are neither modally nor temporally rigid, while the prime numbers form a modally rigid collective. Many collectives have vague membership conditions; for example, it is vague which individual organisms belong to a given species, or which people are in a country at a particular instant. However, many collectives have perfectly de$nite membership. We shall be dealing with such collectives. For such a collective c and any object a it is determinately true or determinately false whether a is a member of c. !us it is determinately true that Norbert Brainin was a member of the Amadeus Quartet, and determinately false that four is one of the prime numbers. 2 Higher-order collectives A collective all of whose members are individuals is a !rst-order collective. !e Amadeus Quartet is a $rst-order collective, since its members are all individual people. On the other hand, there are collectives whose members are themselves collectives, wholly or in Dictionary: NOSD 0002624333.INDD 55 11/3/2015 12:58:49 PM OUP UNCORRECTED PROOF – FIRST PROOF, 11/03/2015, SPi %& '()(* +,--./+ part. !ey are higher-order collectives. Take the collection of all string quartets who have recorded for Deutsche Grammophon since 1945. !ey include (among others) the Amadeus Quartet, the Emerson Quartet, and the Hagen Quartett. !is collection does not have individual people as members, but string quartets, which do have individual people as members. So it is a second-order collective. Now consider the collections of string quartets that have recorded for other record labels, such as the Juilliard and Tokyo Quartets (etc.) for CBS, the Tokyo and Kolisch Quartets (etc.) for RCA, the Budapest and Artemis Quartets (etc.) for EMI, etc. !is is a collection of collections of collections of people, and so third-order. Notice the duplication: the Tokyo Quartet have recorded for both CBS and RCA and so appear twice. !is is perfectly all right. Some higher-order collectives are even institutionalized. !e FISP—Fédération Internationale des Sociétés de Philosophie—has as its members various national phi- losophy societies, and so is second-order. Likewise FIFA—the Fédération Internationale de Football Association—has 209 national football associations as its members. Since these are typically composed of football clubs, FIFA is probably third-order. Other international sporting bodies, such as the International Association of Athletics Federations (212 members), the Fédération Equestre Internationale (132) and the International Cricket Council (106) are similar. One could imagine these international federations combining to form a yet higher-order federation, the Fédération Internationale des Fédérations Internationales des Sports (FIFIS). How high such a hierarchy could go is not obvious. But we can demonstrate that there is no obvious upper limit to the hierarchy of orders with a geometric example. Imagine three small circular dots arranged at the corners of an equilateral triangle. Let the distance between the dots’ centers be d. Imagine three such arrangements so arranged that they form overall a larger equilateral triangle of side 3d with a distance of d between the innermost dots along each side. !en imagine three of these arrange- ments also in a larger equilateral triangle with side length 9d and a distance of 3d between the innermost dots on each side. Iterate. At each level of iteration we generate a new $gure composed of three $gures of the preceding type. At the nth level we need 3n dots to make a $gure of side length 3n–1.d. !ese dots of course compose a single complex $rst-order $gure, but we also have a $gure composed of three $gures which are composed of three $gures which are etc., so the dots are also the ultimate compo- nents of an nth-order collective. Since there is no theoretical limit to n, only practical and physical ones, it follows that physically recognizable and distinctive nth-order collectives are physically realizable for very large n. 3 Order, rank, width Collections can be mixed in order, for example, we can consider a society which has both individuals and clubs as members, or the collection: Sviatoslav Richter and the Borodin Quartet. But at the bottom are always individuals, singular things that do not have members, though they may and typically do have parts. But the part-relation and Dictionary: NOSD 0002624333.INDD 56 11/3/2015 12:58:49 PM OUP UNCORRECTED PROOF – FIRST PROOF, 11/03/2015, SPi 01( 2/).3.45 6/7 8.4,9 .: ;,41(*-2*7(* <=3),)=7(+ %> the member-relation, though formally fairly similar, are distinct.1 !e rank of a collec- tion may be taken as the order of its highest-ranked member, plus 1, counting individ- uals as having rank 0.