Linköping University Medical Dissertations No.1071 Psychophysiological and Performance Aspects on Motion Sickness Joakim Dahlman Division of Rehabilitation Medicine Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine Linköping University, Sweden Linköping 2009 © Joakim Dahlman, 2009. Cover picture/illustration:Tax illustration, Hans von Corswant Published articles have been reprinted with the permission of the copyright holders. Printed in Sweden by LiU-Tryck, Linköping, Sweden, 2009 ISBN 978-91-7393-837-2 ISSN 0345-0082 2 Nothing shocks me. I’m a scientist. Harrison Ford (1942- ), as Indiana Jones. 3 1 Content 1 Content ............................................................................................................................... 4 Abstract ...................................................................................................................................... 6 2 Preface................................................................................................................................8 3 Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 10 3.1 Thesis outline ........................................................................................................... 11 3.2 Motion sickness........................................................................................................ 12 3.2.1 The magnitude of occurrence........................................................................... 13 3.3 The sensory conflict theory and related theories...................................................... 14 3.4 International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF)................ 17 3.5 Cardinal signs and symptoms................................................................................... 19 3.5.1 Psychophysiology of motion sickness.............................................................. 19 3.6 Subjective measurements of motion sickness .......................................................... 25 3.7 Motion sickness and performance............................................................................ 27 3.8 Motion sickness and personal factors....................................................................... 29 3.8.1 Adaptation ........................................................................................................ 29 3.9 Thesis rationale ........................................................................................................ 30 4 Thesis purpose.................................................................................................................. 31 4.1 Study I ...................................................................................................................... 31 4.2 Study II..................................................................................................................... 32 4.3 Study III.................................................................................................................... 32 4.4 Study IV ................................................................................................................... 32 5 Material and methods....................................................................................................... 32 5.1 Study I ...................................................................................................................... 32 5.1.1 Design............................................................................................................... 32 5.1.2 Participants....................................................................................................... 32 5.1.3 Measurements and procedures ......................................................................... 32 5.1.4 Statistical analyses............................................................................................ 33 5.1.5 Ethical considerations ...................................................................................... 33 5.2 Study II..................................................................................................................... 33 5.2.1 Design............................................................................................................... 33 5.2.2 Participants....................................................................................................... 33 5.2.3 Measurements................................................................................................... 33 5.2.4 Procedures ........................................................................................................ 34 5.2.5 Statistical analyses............................................................................................ 34 5.2.6 Ethical considerations ...................................................................................... 34 5.3 Study III.................................................................................................................... 35 5.3.1 Design............................................................................................................... 35 5.3.2 Participants....................................................................................................... 35 5.3.3 Measurements................................................................................................... 35 5.3.4 Procedures ........................................................................................................ 35 5.3.5 Statistical analyses............................................................................................ 37 5.3.6 Ethical considerations ...................................................................................... 37 5.4 Study IV ................................................................................................................... 37 5.4.1 Design............................................................................................................... 37 5.4.2 Participants....................................................................................................... 37 5.4.3 Measurements................................................................................................... 37 4 5.4.4 Procedures ........................................................................................................ 38 5.4.5 Statistical analyses............................................................................................ 39 5.4.6 Ethical considerations ...................................................................................... 39 6 Results .............................................................................................................................. 39 6.1 Study I ...................................................................................................................... 39 6.2 Study II..................................................................................................................... 40 6.3 Study III.................................................................................................................... 43 6.4 Study IV ................................................................................................................... 46 7 Discussion ........................................................................................................................ 48 7.1 Result discussion...................................................................................................... 48 7.1.1 Psychophysiology............................................................................................. 48 7.1.2 Perceived motion sickness ............................................................................... 50 7.1.3 Performance ..................................................................................................... 51 7.1.4 Mitigation strategies......................................................................................... 53 7.2 Methodological discussion....................................................................................... 53 7.2.1 Psychophysiology............................................................................................. 53 7.2.2 Perceived motion sickness ............................................................................... 54 7.2.3 Performance ..................................................................................................... 55 7.2.4 Mitigation strategies......................................................................................... 56 7.3 Statistical considerations.......................................................................................... 57 8 Clinical implications ........................................................................................................ 58 9 Future research ................................................................................................................. 59 10 Sammanfattning på Svenska ........................................................................................ 60 11 Acknowledgements ...................................................................................................... 62 12 References .................................................................................................................... 64 5 Abstract Motion sickness is not an illness, but rather a natural autonomic response to an unfamiliar