Chapter 18: Ecosystem Services URS-EIA-REP-202375 Table of Contents 18 Ecosystem Services .................................................................................. 18-1 18.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................... 18-1 18.2 Approach .......................................................................................................... 18-5 18.3 Scoping ............................................................................................................ 18-7 18.4 Spatial and Temporal Boundaries ...................................................................... 18-22 18.4.1 Project Area ....................................................................................... 18-23 18.4.2 Affected Ecosystems ........................................................................... 18-23 18.4.3 Terrestrial Affected Ecosystems ........................................................... 18-23 18.4.4 Marine Affected Ecosystems ................................................................ 18-23 18.4.5 Affected Beneficiaries ......................................................................... 18-30 18.4.6 Temporal Boundaries .......................................................................... 18-31 18.5 Baseline Data .................................................................................................. 18-33 18.5.1 Methodology and Data ........................................................................ 18-33 18.5.2 Secondary Data .................................................................................. 18-34 18.5.3 Data Gaps .......................................................................................... 18-34 18.5.4 Primary Data / Baseline Surveys .......................................................... 18-34 18.5.5 Data Assumptions and Limitations ....................................................... 18-36 18.6 Baseline Characteristics.................................................................................... 18-37 18.6.1 Capture Fisheries ............................................................................... 18-37 18.6.2 Timber .............................................................................................. 18-42 18.6.3 Water (supply) ................................................................................... 18-49 18.6.4 Hazard Regulation .............................................................................. 18-54 18.6.5 Water Quality Regulation .................................................................... 18-60 18.6.6 Soil Quality Regulation ........................................................................ 18-63 18.6.7 Tourism and Recreation Values ............................................................ 18-64 18.6.8 Cultural and Spiritual Values ................................................................ 18-68 18.6.9 Wild Species Diversity ......................................................................... 18-72 18.6.10 Baseline Summary ............................................................................ 18-77 18.7 Impact Assessment ......................................................................................... 18-79 18.7.1 Impact Assessment Methodology ......................................................... 18-79 18.7.1.1 Impact Assessment Criteria ......................................................... 18-80 18.7.1.2 Impact Significance ..................................................................... 18-84 18.7.2 Assessment of Potential Impacts: Construction and Pre-Commissioning . 18-85 18.7.2.1 Introduction ............................................................................... 18-85 18.7.2.2 Assessment of Potential Impacts (pre-mitigation) .......................... 18-85 18.7.2.3 Mitigation and Monitoring .......................................................... 18-112 18.7.2.4 Residual Impacts: Construction and Pre-Commissioning Phase..... 18-117 18.7.3 Assessment of Potential Impacts: Operational Phase ........................... 18-117 18.7.3.1 Introduction ............................................................................. 18-117 18.7.3.2 Assessment of Potential Impacts (Pre-Mitigation) ........................ 18-123 18.7.3.3 Mitigation and Monitoring .......................................................... 18-126 URS-EIA-REP-202375 i Chapter 18 Ecosystem Services 18.7.3.4 Residual Impacts: Operational Phase .......................................... 18-127 18.7.4 Assessment of Potential Impacts: Decommissioning Phase .................. 18-127 18.7.4.1 Introduction.............................................................................. 18-127 18.7.4.2 Assessment of Potential Impacts (Pre-Mitigation) ........................ 18-127 18.7.4.3 Mitigation and Monitoring .......................................................... 18-133 18.7.4.4 Residual Impacts: Decommissioning Phase ................................. 18-133 18.8 Unplanned Events ......................................................................................... 18-137 18.8.1 Construction and Pre-Commissioning Phase ....................................... 18-137 18.8.1.1 Fuel and Oil Spills ..................................................................... 18-137 18.8.1.2 Fires ........................................................................................ 18-137 18.8.1.3 Introduction of Invasive Species ................................................ 18-137 18.8.2 Operational Phase ............................................................................ 18-138 18.8.2.1 Release of Natural Gas .............................................................. 18-138 18.8.2.2 Fires ........................................................................................ 18-138 18.8.2.3 Alien Invasive Species ............................................................... 18-139 18.8.3 Decommissioning Phase ................................................................... 18-139 18.9 Cumulative Impacts Assessment ..................................................................... 18-139 18.10 Conclusions ................................................................................................... 18-139 ii URS-EIA-REP-202375 Tables Table 18.1 Ecosystem Services in the 2012 IFC Performance Standards .............................. 18-3 Table 18.2 Ecosystem Services Checklist ........................................................................... 18-8 Table 18.3 Criteria for Determining the Scope of the Ecosystem Services Assessment ........ 18-10 Table 18.4 Scoping Exercise: Summary of the Rationale for Inclusion or Exclusion of Each Ecosystem Service ......................................................................................................... 18-13 Table 18.5 Ecosystem Service Beneficiaries ..................................................................... 18-33 Table 18.6 Stakeholder Meetings Conducted During Site Visits .......................................... 18-35 Table 18.7 Landownership within the Landfall Section ...................................................... 18-45 Table 18.8 Full Extent and Resource Rates of the Galata Aquifer ....................................... 18-50 Table 18.9 Baseline Summary ......................................................................................... 18-78 Table 18.10 Criteria Used to Determine Receptor Sensitivity ............................................. 18-80 Table 18.11 Approach to Determining Overall Receptor Sensitivity .................................... 18-82 Table 18.12 Criteria for Determining Impact Magnitude .................................................... 18-82 Table 18.13 Determining Overall Impact Magnitude ......................................................... 18-84 Table 18.14 Impacts Significance Matrix for Ecosystem Services ....................................... 18-84 Table 18.15 Estimated Areas of Woodlands to be Felled ................................................... 18-92 Table 18.16 Assessment of Potential Impacts: Construction and Pre-Commissioning Phase ........ .................................................................................................................................. 18-118 Table 18.17 Assessment of Potential Impacts: Operational Phase .................................... 18-128 Table 18.18 Assessment of Potential Impacts: Decommissioning (under Option 2) ........... 18-134 Table 18.19 Assessment Summary ................................................................................ 18-140 Figures Figure 18.1 The Relationship between Ecosystems, Services, and Benefits .......................... 18-2 Figure 18.2 The Ecosystem Services Assessment Process ................................................... 18-7 Figure 18.3 Impact Pathway for Assessing Impacts on Ecosystem Services ....................... 18-22 Figure 18.4 Defining Spatial Boundaries for Assessing Impacts on Ecosystem Services ....... 18-22 URS-EIA-REP-202375 iii Chapter 18 Ecosystem Services Figure 18.5 Terrestrial Affected Ecosystems ..................................................................... 18-25 Figure 18.6 Marine Affected Ecosystems ......................................................................... 18-27 Figure 18.7 Affected Beneficiaries ................................................................................... 18-31