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More from Prestwick House Literature Grammar and Writing Vocabulary Reading Literary Touchstone Classics College and Career Readiness: Writing Vocabulary Power Plus Reading Informational Texts Literature Teaching Units Grammar for Writing Vocabulary from Latin and Greek Roots Reading Literature Multiple Critical Perspectives™ Teaching William Shakespeare's The Taming of the Shrew from Multiple Critical Perspectives™ by Rebecca Grudzina Multiple Critical Perspectives The Taming of the Shrew General Introduction to the Work Introduction to The Taming of the Shrew HE TAMING OF T HE SHREW is a comedy, largely a farce, with strong elements of satire. A farce is a comedy Tthat entertains the audience through exaggerated and improbable situations, disguise and mistaken identity, verbal humor of varying degrees of sophistication—which usually include sexual innuendo and word play—and a fast-paced plot that often ends in an elaborate chase scene. Farce is also characterized by physical humor, the use of deliberate absurdity or nonsense, and broadly stylized performances. Characteristics of farce include lighthearted and slapstick humor and a happy ending in which most of the characters come out satisfied. Like Shakespeare’s other comedies, The Taming of the Shrew focuses on courtship and marriage, but—unlike most of his comedies—it pays a considerable amount of atten- tion to married life after the weddings. The other comedies—both romantic and festival comedies—end with the wedding ceremonies themselves. Because plot is of primary importance in farce, many of the characters in these broad comedies are stock or conventional characters. Among the most popular comic stock characters of the day were “shrews” or “scolds”—and henpecked husbands, and the shrew’s “taming” became a popular plot line. Thus, The Taming of the Shrew, is a part of a popular Elizabethan tradition, but it is also somewhat unique in that it does not end in the shrew’s utter destruction but seems to celebrate Katharine’s quick wit and fiery temper while leaving Petruchio’s “mastery” over her thoroughly ambiguous. 6 P RESTWICK HOUSE , INC . Multiple Critical The Taming of the Shrew Perspectives Feminist Theory Applied to The Taming of the Shrew Notes on the Feminist Approach EMINISM IS AN EVOLVING ph ILOSO ph Y , and its application in litera- Fture is a relatively new area of study. The basis of the movement, both in literature and society, is that the Western world is fundamen- tally patriarchal (i.e., created by men, ruled by men, viewed through the eyes of men, and judged by men). The feminist movement in society found its approach to litera- ture in the 1960s. Of course, women had already been writing and publishing for centuries, but the 1960s saw the rise of a feminist lit- erary theory. Until then, the works of female writers (or works about females) were examined by the same standards as those by male writ- ers (and about men). Women were thought to be unintelligent (at least in part because they were generally less formally educated than men), and many women accepted that judgment. It was not until the feminist movement was well under way that women began examin- ing old texts, reevaluating their portrayal of women, and writing new works to fit the developing concept of the “modern woman.” The feminist approach is based on finding suggestions of misogyny (negative attitudes toward women) within pieces of lit- erature and exposing them. Feminists are interested in exposing the undervaluing of women in literature that has been accepted as the norm by both men and women. Feminist critics have even dissected many words in Western languages that they believe to be rooted in masculinity. Feminists argue that since the past millennia in the West have been dominated by men—whether they be the politicians in power or the historians recording it—Western literature reflects a masculine bias, and consequently, represents an inaccurate and potentially harmful image of women. In order to fix this image and create a balanced canon, works by females and works about females need to be added and read from a feminist perspective. P RESTWICK HOUSE , INC . 15 Multiple Critical The Taming of the Shrew Perspectives Activity One Examining the Play for Misogynistic Themes 1. Copy and distribute the handout: The Taming of the Shrew: Definition of Misogyny. 2. Discuss the handout with the class and have them generate a list of specific misogynistic behaviors. NOTE: except in cases of strong disagreement, it is not necessary for the class to come to consensus. In cases where one or more students strongly object to a behavior’s being listed (while others strongly insist that it be listed) note the behaviors and the objections. 3. Divide the class into four groups or a number of groups divisible by four. 4. Assign each group (or allow each to choose) one of the following characters: • Baptista • Lucentio • Petruchio • Hortensio 5. Have each group review the play and identify specific evidence (or lack thereof) of misogynic behaviors and attitudes displayed by its character, especially considering the following questions: • What relationship(s) does your character have with a woman or women in the play? • How would you describe that/those relationship(s)? • How does your character view marriage? What evidence is there to indicate this view? • Does your character believe in love? • What kind of love does the character believe in? • What reason(s) does the character offer for entering into a marriage? • How does your character talk about or act toward his wife? • How does/do the woman/women with whom your character has (a) relationship(s) act toward your character? • Would you consider your character to be misogynistic? Why or why not? P RESTWICK HOUSE , INC . 19 Multiple Critical The Taming of the Shrew Perspectives Formalism Applied to The Taming of the Shrew Notes on the Formalist Approach H E FORMALIST A pp ROAC H TO LITERATURE was developed at the Tbeginning of the 20th century and remained popular until the 1970s, when other literary theories began to gain popularity. Today, formalism is generally regarded as a rigid and inaccessible means of reading literature, used in Ivy League classrooms and as the subject of scorn in rebellious coming-of-age films. It is an approach that is concerned primarily with form, as its name suggests, and thus places the greatest emphasis on how something is said, rather than what is said. Formalists believe that a work is a separate entity—not at all dependent upon the author’s life or the culture in which the work is created. No paraphrase is used in a formalist examination, and no reader reaction is discussed. Originally, formalism was a new and unique idea. The formalists were called “New Critics,” and their approach to literature became the standard academic approach. Like classical artists such as da Vinci and Michaelangelo, the formalists concentrated more on the form of the art rather than the content. They studied the recurrences, the repetitions, the relationships, and the motifs in a work in order to understand what the work was about. The formalists viewed the tiny details of a work as nothing more than parts of the whole. In the formalist approach, even a lack of form indicates something. Absurdity is in itself a form—one used to convey a specific meaning (even if the meaning is a lack of meaning). The formalists also looked at smaller parts of a work to under- stand the meaning. Details like diction, punctuation, and syntax all give clues. P RESTWICK HOUSE , INC . 25 Multiple Critical The Taming of the Shrew Perspectives Activity One Examining Puns, Double Entendres and Other Word Play 1. Divide the class into six groups or a number of groups divisible by six. 2. Assign each group, or allow each to choose, one of the five acts or the Induction. 3. Have each group examine its portion of the play and note all examples of intentional comic wordplay. 4. Have them categorize each example they note—for example: puns, malapropisms, double entendres. Have them also, if they can, assign each example to a sub-category: puns that insult persons or per- sonal traits, ribald puns, etc. 5. Next, have the groups calculate or estimate the ratio or percentage of examples in each category and subcategory—for example: approximately ½ of all puns are sexual in nature, ¼ of all puns insult women, etc. 6. Have them calculate or estimate the ratio or percentage of wordplay to conventional language use in their portion of the text—for example: overall, puns account for nearly 50% of the text of the play, ½ of which are sexual in nature. 7. Have each group report to the class and have the class calculate totals for the entire play. 8. Allow students to suggest theses about Shakespeare’s use of language and humor that would be sup- portable with the figures and examples they have collected. P RESTWICK HOUSE , INC . 29 Multiple Critical The Taming of the Shrew Perspectives Psychoanalytic Theory Applied to The Taming of the Shrew Notes on the Psychoanalytic Theory H E TERMS “P SYC H OLOGICAL ,” OR “P SYC H OANALYTICAL ,” or “Freudian TTheory” seem to encompass essentially two almost contradicto- ry critical theories. The first focuses on the text itself, with no regard to outside influences; the second focuses on the author of the text.