ATTACHMENT III: BASELINE STATUS AND CUMULATIVE EFFECTS FOR THE SAN FRANCISCO BAY LISTED SPECIES 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1: ALAMEDAWHIPSNAKE............................................................................................ 5 1.1 CUMULATIVE EFFECTS ...................................................................................... 5 1.2 ENVIRONMENTAL BASELINE........................................................................... 5 1.2.1 Factors affecting species within the action area ............................................... 5 1.2.1.1 Urban development.................................................................................... 6 1.2.1.2 Fire suppression ......................................................................................... 8 1.2.1.3 Predation .................................................................................................... 8 1.2.1.4 Grazing practices ....................................................................................... 9 1.2.1.5 Non-native species..................................................................................... 9 1.2.2 Baseline Status................................................................................................ 10 1.3 REFERENCES ...................................................................................................... 12 2: BAY CHECKERSPOT BUTTERFLY ....................................................................... 14 2.1 CUMULATIVE EFFECTS ................................................................................... 14 2.2 ENVIRONMENTAL BASELINE......................................................................... 14 2.2.1 Factors affecting species environment within the action area ........................ 14 2.2.1.1 Habitat loss and degradation.................................................................... 15 2.2.1.2 Invasive plants and air pollution.............................................................. 17 2.2.1.3 Overutilization for research and private purposes ................................... 17 2.2.1.4 Gopher control and vehicular disturbance ............................................... 18 2.2.1.5 Fire and grazing practices ........................................................................ 18 2.2.1.6 Climate change and climate extremes...................................................... 19 2.2.2 Baseline Status................................................................................................ 19 2.3 REFERENCES ...................................................................................................... 22 3: CALIFORNIA CLAPPER RAIL ................................................................................ 25 3.1 CUMULATIVE EFFECTS ................................................................................... 25 3.2 ENVIRONMENTAL BASELINE......................................................................... 25 3.2.1 Factors affecting species within the action area ............................................. 25 3.2.1.1 Habitat Loss and Fragmentation .............................................................. 26 3.2.1.2 Hunting .................................................................................................... 27 3.2.1.3 Predation .................................................................................................. 27 3.2.1.4 Disease ..................................................................................................... 28 3.2.1.5 Climate Extremes..................................................................................... 28 3.2.1.6 Habitat Protection and Restoration .......................................................... 29 3.2.2 Baseline Status................................................................................................ 29 3.3 REFERENCES ...................................................................................................... 30 4: CALIFORNIA FRESHWATER SHRIMP.................................................................. 34 4.1 CUMULATIVE EFFECTS ................................................................................... 34 4.2 ENVIRONMENTAL BASELINE......................................................................... 34 4.2.1 Factors affecting species environment within the action area ........................ 35 4.2.1.1 Urbanization.............................................................................................. 35 4.2.1.2 Stream Maintenance.................................................................................. 36 4.2.1.3 Water Resource Needs: Impoundments and Water Diversions................ 36 4.2.1.4 Gravel Mining........................................................................................... 37 4.2.1.5 Agriculture Developments........................................................................ 37 2 4.2.1.6 Predation ................................................................................................... 38 4.2.1.7 Environmental Extremes........................................................................... 39 4.2.1.8 Restoration Efforts.................................................................................... 40 4.2.2 Baseline Status.............................................................................................. 40 4.3 REFERENCES ...................................................................................................... 41 5: CALIFORNIA TIGER SALAMANDER: CENTRAL CALIFORNIA DISTINCT POPULATION SEGMENT ............................................................................................. 42 5.1 CUMULATIVE EFFECTS ................................................................................... 42 5.2 ENVIRONMENTAL BASELINE......................................................................... 42 5.2.1 Factors affecting species continued existence within the action area............. 43 5.2.1.1 Rangeland Conversion and Habitat Fragmentation ................................. 43 5.2.1.2 Disease ..................................................................................................... 45 5.2.1.3 Predation, Competition, and Hybridization ............................................. 45 5.2.1.4 Other Factors affecting the species continued existence ......................... 47 5.2.2 Baseline Status................................................................................................. 49 5.3 REFERENCES ...................................................................................................... 50 6: CALIFORNIA TIGER SALAMANDER: SANTA BARBARA COUNTY DISTINCT POPULATION SEGMENT ............................................................................................. 51 6.1 CUMULATIVE EFFECTS ................................................................................... 51 6.2 ENVIRONMENTAL BASELINE......................................................................... 51 6.2.1 Factors affecting species continued existence within the action area............. 52 6.2.1.1 Conversion of rangeland for urban and agricultural uses ........................ 52 6.2.1.2 Contaminants ........................................................................................... 54 6.2.1.3 Pest control............................................................................................... 55 6.2.1.4 Grazing and Water drawdown ................................................................. 56 6.2.1.5 Predation, Competition, and Hybridization ............................................. 56 6.2.1.6 Disease ..................................................................................................... 58 6.2.2 Baseline Status................................................................................................ 59 6.3 REFERENCES ...................................................................................................... 61 7: CALIFORNIA TIGER SALAMANDER: SONOMA COUNTY DISTINCT POPULATION SEGMENT ............................................................................................. 63 7.1 CUMULATIVE EFFECTS ................................................................................... 63 7.2 ENVIRONMENTAL BASELINE......................................................................... 63 7.2.1 Factors affecting species continued existence within the action area............. 63 7.2.1.1 Habitat Destruction, Degradation, and Fragmentation ............................. 64 7.2.1.2 Disease ...................................................................................................... 65 7.2.1.3 Predation, Competition, and Hybridization ............................................. 66 7.2.1.4 Other Factors affecting the species continued existence ......................... 68 7.2.2 Baseline Status................................................................................................. 70 7.3 References.............................................................................................................. 73 8: DELTA SMELT .......................................................................................................... 75 8.1 CUMULATIVE EFFECTS ................................................................................... 75 8.2 ENVIRONMENTAL BASELINE......................................................................... 75 8.2.1 Factors affecting species environment within the action area .......................