4. Future Feminism : Political Filmmaking and the Resonance of the West German Feminist Film Movement Abstract This chapter analyses Ottinger’s Ticket of No Return (1979) and Turanskyj’s The Drifter (2010), bringing into focus the imprint of West German feminist filmmaking on contemporary cinema, despite the significant undermin- ing and obscuring of its legacy via processes of privatization and media conglomeration. Like the films discussed in the previous chapter, the two films under consideration here engage themes of refusal and disaffection with the status quo at the levels of both form and content. Focusing on women protagonists in Berlin who exhibit gender, sexual, and class mobil- ity and refuse to accede to regimes of normativity, these films demonstrate how responsibilization, flexibilization, and professionalization emerge as “solutions” to problems of agency and sovereignty in neoliberal capitalism. Keywords: Feminist film, Ulrike Ottinger, Tatjana Turanskyj, flexibiliza- tion, sovereignty, affect At the outset of Eine flexible Frau (A Flexible Woman, 2010; released in English as The Drifters), we see protagonist Greta Mondo framed in long shot, standing immobile in the middle of a sunny wheat field. An abrupt cut shows her dancing in a strobe-lit disco, before she stumbles drunkenly up a darkened staircase and falls face first into her apartment. Already on view in this opening sequence, the physical acts of stasis, dancing, stumbling, and falling figure Greta’s inability to adapt to—and indeed her ultimate refusal of—the mobility demanded by neoliberal capitalism. Eine flexible Frau depicts the aftermath of the 2008 financial crisis in Berlin, focusing on the intertwined predicaments of gentrification and privatiza- tion and the rise of precarity for the city’s creative classes. An unemployed Baer, H., German Cinema in the Age of Neoliberalism. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2021. doi: 10.5117/9789463727334_ch04 158 GERMan CINEMA IN THE AGE OF NEOLIBERALISM architect and single mother, Greta embodies this precarity across multiple social and economic dimensions, exhibiting the disproportionate toll that flexibilization takes on women. Independently produced by writer-director Tatjana Turanskyj, Eine flexible Frau revives the project of the feminist Frauenfilm, which left a meaningful imprint on the landscape of West German cinema in the 1970s, but whose legacy had been significantly undermined by the deregula- tion, privatization, and conglomeration of media industries in subsequent decades.1 Specifically, Turanskyj’s film creates a strong—if not entirely deliberate—resonance with Ulrike Ottinger’s iconoclastic feminist film Bildnis einer Trinkerin – aller jamais retour (Portrait of a Female Drinker, 1979; released in English as Ticket of No Return), which presents the transgressive narrative of a binge-drinking protagonist who refuses to accede to regimes of normativity. The resonance between the two films is evident in their mutual thematic focus on a female drinker in Berlin who exhibits gender, sexual, and class (im)mobility; in the aesthetic project of depicting the shifting terrain of ordinary life in neoliberalism; and in the political project of imaging gendered modes of refusal. Bracketing the period of neoliberal intensification (1980-2010), Bildnis einer Trinkerin and Eine flexible Frau employ similar strategies to make visible the discursive paradigms affecting women in ‘the normalizing society’ (Foucault), especially the way that professionalization, responsibilization, and flexibilization—technologies of self-management for market actors—emerge as ‘solutions’ to the problems of sovereignty, agency, and subjectivity in advanced capitalism. In his elaboration of the principle of biopower, Foucault distinguishes between an older regime of discipline, focused on the control of individual bodies, and an emergent form of biopolitical control that regulates the social body of the population as a whole. For Foucault, it is in the relationship between the individual and the population, the disciplinary and the regula- tory regimes that norms are established and circulated: ‘The normalizing society is a society in which the norm of discipline and the norm of regulation intersect.’2 Albeit at very different historical moments, Bildnis einer Trinkerin and Eine flexible Frau both chart the often imperceptible ways in which these intersecting modes of normalization underpin the neoliberal repertoire. In both films, the paradoxes experienced by female protagonists due to the precariousness of life and lack of sovereignty are illustrated via circular 1 On the consequences of media conglomeration for feminist cinema and contemporary attempts to combat these consequences, see Baer, ‘The Berlin School and Women’s Cinema’. 2 Foucault, Society Must Be Defended, 253. FUTURE FEMINISM 159 narratives that fold back on themselves: Eine flexible Frau ends with Greta stumbling drunkenly—or perhaps dancing acrobatically—into the wheat field where she stood at the start of the film, while Bildnis einer Trinkerin ends with a coda that revives the female drinker Madame (who had collapsed and died in the previous scene), removing her from the diegetic space of the film into a hall of mirrors that she smashes in a final gesture of refusal. Both films employ a multi-stranded narrative structure, which includes fiction, documentary-style sequences, and metacommentary to capture ordinary life and to disorganize our perception of the present. Particularly noteworthy in each case is the way commentators—the three fates in Bildnis einer Trinkerin and the feminist blogger in Eine flexible Frau—bring into view discourses of feminism in the period circumscribed by these two films, with the fates figuring the emergence of post-feminism in the West German 1980s, and the blogger Kluge emphasizing the way that feminism has been simultaneously taken into account and disavowed in the neoliberal society of the Berlin Republic.3 In addition to its metadiscursive attention to the state of feminism, Kluge’s commentary self-reflexively addresses the predicament of political film- making in neoliberalism more broadly. As we have seen, neoliberal culture characterizes itself as politically neutral and co-opts both oppositional aesthetics and modes of collective resistance and difference, including movements for social change; in this context, inherited schema of political cinema as employing subversive or resistant aesthetic practices or presenting a message of dissent may no longer be operative. In an interview with the feminist film journal Frauen und Film, Turanskyj addresses this predicament directly, claiming that it is impossible to make a film with ‘feminist content’ in the contemporary West. As Turanskyj suggests, such content would be illegible as feminist, not least because it would appear indistinguishable from the clichés of the mainstream Hollywood women’s film and television that Rosalind Gill has described as postfeminist media culture.4 Instead, Turanskyj maintains, feminist filmmakers must develop a political critique through form, through an artistic strategy that emphasizes performativity and a lack of authenticity.5 Indeed, Eine flexible Frau constitutes a concerted attempt to redo feminist cinema for a neoliberal age at the levels of both form and content. However, the film also resonates with the project first 3 See McRobbie, The Aftermath of Feminism. 4 See Gill, Gender and the Media. 5 Kohler and Nessel, ‘A Woman under the Influence in Berlin zu Beginn des 21. Jahrhundert’, 177. 160 GERMan CINEMA IN THE AGE OF NEOLIBERALISM promoted by feminist filmmakers in the 1970s, in terms of both aesthetic interventions and production strategies. Following on the successes of new wave cinema, 1970s feminist film- makers working in a range of national contexts pursued both aesthetic experimentation with dominant cinematic codes and a political commitment to women’s access to the means of film production, garnering widespread public support for feminist film projects in many places. Significantly for German film history, this success was perhaps most pronounced in West Germany, where the feminist film movement spearheaded by Helke Sander and Claudia von Alemann sought to change the landscape of filmmaking by rectifying the gender imbalance in the film industry, while also developing a new narrative and formal-aesthetic language of women’s cinema. Through a series of interventions, including the International Women’s Film Seminar in West Berlin (established 1973) and the journal Frauen und Film (founded 1974), they sought to educate women about film history and technology and empower them to seize the means of film production. Organized in 1979, the Verband der Filmarbeiterinnen (Union of Female Film Workers) was created to support and advocate for women’s participation in filmmaking at a policy level; the group sought to establish gender parity, demanding that women’s projects receive half of all available subvention funding and that women occupy half of all jobs and employee training programmes in the film industry. The group was remarkably successful in achieving institutional and financial support for female directors and making inroads into produc- tion and distribution schemes, so much so that by 1989 Thomas Elsaesser proclaimed that ‘West Germany possesses proportionally more women film-makers than any other film-producing country.’6 However, as Elsaesser points out, these women often faced a double bind: eschewing careers