ANALYSIS OF CELLULAR DATA COMMUNICATION FOR NEIGHBORHOOD AREA NETWORK FOR SMART GRID Harish Maiya B.E., Visveswaraiah Technological University, Karnataka, India, 2006 PROJECT Submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE in COMPUTER ENGINEERING at CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY, SACRAMENTO SPRING 2011 ANALYSIS OF CELLULAR DATA COMMUNICATION FOR NEIGHBORHOOD AREA NETWORK FOR SMART GRID A Project by Harish Maiya Approved by: __________________________________, Committee Chair Isaac Ghansah, Ph.D. __________________________________, Second Reader Fethi Belkhouche, Ph.D. ____________________________ Date ii Student: Harish Maiya I certify that this student has met the requirements for format contained in the University format manual, and that this project is suitable for shelving in the Library and credit is to be awarded for the Project. __________________________, Graduate Coordinator ________________ Suresh Vadhva, Ph.D. Date Department of Computer Engineering iii Abstract of ANALYSIS OF CELLULAR DATA COMMUNICATION FOR NEIGHBORHOOD AREA NETWORK FOR SMART GRID by Harish Maiya Infrastructure of Smart Grid system relies on communication between electricity producer and consumer domain. Consumer domain consists of Neighborhood Area Network which connects smart meters installed at homes or businesses of consumers, Home Area Network which connects all appliances at home to Utility AMI Network (on producer side). Few candidates or protocols considered for implementing Neighborhood Area Network (NAN) are Cellular communication, IEEE 802.11, 802.16, 802.15.4, Optical fiber network, Power line network. Project aims to provide an analysis on Cellular data communication protocol considering its different standards, implementation details, advantages, disadvantages, security issues, reliability, time critical communication, maintenance, power, and cost factors. Studies are conducted on standards in Cellular communication such as CDMA, GSM, (2G) UMTS, WCDMA (3G) and 4G protocols and gauge factors of bandwidth, coverage, and resource usage and identify effective and efficient way to implement NAN. Analysis on Short Message Service (SMS) which is preferred mode for communication in NAN is carried iv out. Project intends to identify potential issues which affect the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of information flow through cellular communication channel when it is implemented in the Smart Grid. Investigations are carried out on application of information security best practice(s) to NAN in Smart grid and to what extent they are applied. Comparisons are done on different candidate protocols for NAN and make few recommendations, identify few research areas and open issues if any. _______________________, Committee Chair Isaac Ghansah Ph.D. _______________________ Date v DEDICATION To my parents, teachers and friends vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I am grateful to all the people who have helped and guided me in successful completion of my Masters’ Project. My sincere thanks to the project supervisor Dr. Isaac Ghansah, for providing me the opportunity to work on Smart Grid and guiding me throughout the project. My heartfelt thanks to Dr. Kwai-Ting Lan for being second reader and providing me with invaluable inputs on revising my report. I am thankful to Dr. Suresh Vadhva for his invaluable support throughout my graduate program. Special thanks to my friends Arti Arora and Adithya Shreyas for helping me with their ideas and by reviewing my project report. I would like to thank my seniors and all my friends who have been there for me throughout this graduate program. I would take this opportunity to acknowledge and appreciate the efforts of California State University, Sacramento for providing the facilities and environment conducive for students to nurture their career. Most importantly I would like to thank my parents Suryanarayana, Radha, my sister Sowmya, and bro-in-law Vinay for their true love and moral support. vii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Dedication .......................................................................................................................... vi Acknowledgement ............................................................................................................ vii List of Tables ...................................................................................................................... x List of Figures ……………………………………………………………………………xi Chapter 1. INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................... 1 1.1. Traditional Grid .................................................................................................... 1 1.2. Need for Smart Grid ............................................................................................. 3 1.3. Smart Grid ............................................................................................................ 5 1.4. Neighborhood Area Network ............................................................................... 8 1.5. Scope of the Project............................................................................................ 11 2. REQUIREMENTS FOR NEIGHBORHOOD AREA NETWORK ............................. 12 3. CELLULAR COMMUNICATION .............................................................................. 19 3.1 Features and Standards ....................................................................................... 19 3.2 Candidates for Implementing NAN ................................................................... 22 3.2.1 Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) ..................................... 22 3.2.2 GSM Core Network ....................................................................................... 26 3.2.3 CDMA One or IS-95 ..................................................................................... 40 3.2.4 3G Systems and UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System) .. 42 3.2.5 W-CDMA ...................................................................................................... 46 3.2.6 4G-LTE Advanced ......................................................................................... 47 4. SHORT MESSAGE SERVICE (SMS) IN CELLULAR COMMUNICATION ......... 50 4.1 Implementation Details ...................................................................................... 50 4.2 Vulnerability and Example Attacks ................................................................... 54 4.3 Counter Measures, Solutions.............................................................................. 56 5. GENERATION IN CELLULAR WIRELESS STANDARDS .................................... 59 viii 5.1 1G,2G,3G,4G ..................................................................................................... 59 5.1.1 Overview of Standards ................................................................................. 60 5.2 Evaluation of Parameters of Cellular Standards ................................................ 61 5.3 Security Issues and Mechanisms in Cellular Standards ..................................... 63 5.4 Wireless Application Protocol (WAP) ............................................................... 72 6. COMPARISON OF CANDIDATE NETWORK PROTOCOLS FOR NAN .............. 77 6.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................ 77 6.2 IEEE 802.11 ....................................................................................................... 78 6.3 IEEE 802.16 ....................................................................................................... 83 6.4 IEEE 802.15.4 .................................................................................................... 87 6.5 Power Line Communication............................................................................... 90 6.6 Optical Fiber Communication ............................................................................ 92 6.7 Wireless Mesh Networks ................................................................................... 93 6.8 Cellular Network Over Other Candidates .......................................................... 95 7. CONCLUSION ........................................................................................................... 102 7.1 Project Results .................................................................................................. 102 7.2 Challenges and Outstanding Works ................................................................. 104 7.3 Future Works and Potential Research Topics .................................................. 104 Appendix Glossary....................................................................................................... 105 References ....................................................................................................................... 109 ix LIST OF TABLES Page Table 1: Network Types, Coverage and Bandwidth ..................................................... 16 Table 2: IEEE 802.11 Standards and its Variations ...................................................... 79 Table 3: Summary of Technologies for NAN............................................................. 101 x LIST OF FIGURES Page Figure 1: Traditional Grid ............................................................................................... 2 Figure 2: Smart Grid ......................................................................................................