Analysis of a deflating soap bubble David P. Jackson and Sarah Sleyman Citation: American Journal of Physics 78, 990 (2010); doi: 10.1119/1.3442800 View online: http://dx.doi.org/10.1119/1.3442800 View Table of Contents: http://scitation.aip.org/content/aapt/journal/ajp/78/10?ver=pdfcov Published by the American Association of Physics Teachers Articles you may be interested in Partial coalescence of soap bubbles Phys. Fluids 27, 061704 (2015); 10.1063/1.4923212 Electrowetting of soap bubbles Appl. Phys. Lett. 103, 014103 (2013); 10.1063/1.4813308 Wetting of soap bubbles on hydrophilic, hydrophobic, and superhydrophobic surfaces Appl. Phys. Lett. 102, 254103 (2013); 10.1063/1.4812710 Erratum: “Analysis of a deflating soap bubble” [Am. J. Phys.78 (10), 990–994 (2010)] Am. J. Phys. 79, 333 (2011); 10.1119/1.3533352 Soap bubbles in paintings: Art and science Am. J. Phys. 76, 1087 (2008); 10.1119/1.2973049 This article is copyrighted as indicated in the article. Reuse of AAPT content is subject to the terms at: http://scitation.aip.org/termsconditions. Downloaded to IP: 192.38.67.115 On: Tue, 29 Sep 2015 07:20:53 Analysis of a deflating soap bubble David P. Jackson and Sarah Sleyman Department of Physics and Astronomy, Dickinson College, Carlisle, Pennsylvania 17013 ͑Received 7 January 2010; accepted 12 May 2010͒ A soap bubble on the end of a cylindrical tube is seen to deflate as the higher pressure air inside the bubble escapes through a tube. We perform an experiment to measure the radius of the slowly deflating bubble and observe that the radius decreases to a minimum before quickly increasing. This behavior reflects the fact that the bubble ends up as a flat surface over the end of the tube. A theoretical analysis reproduces this behavior and compares favorably with the experimental data. © 2010 American Association of Physics Teachers. ͓DOI: 10.1119/1.3442800͔ I. INTRODUCTION reaches a minimum when the bubble is a hemisphere with r=R. After this point, the radius increases without bound. Soap bubbles have long fascinated kids and adults alike. The experimental setup is shown in Fig. 1. A syringe is Most people have enjoyed at one time or another the beauty connected via flexible tubing ͑through a rubber stopper͒ to and splendor of a well formed soap bubble glistening in the the bottom of a hollow cylindrical tube approximately sunlight. This beauty must have been evident to many 17th 2.5 cm in diameter. We use a 50 ml glass syringe, but a and 18th century artists who included bubbles in their 1 plastic syringe should work just as well. The flexible tubing paintings. Some individuals have developed exquisite con- acts as the inflation tube and also connects to a precision trol over soap bubbles and can construct beautiful “sculp- manometer used to measure the pressure difference between tures,” including such exotic shapes as tetrahedrons, cubes, 2 the inside and outside of the bubble. Air escapes from the octahedrons, and dodecahedrons. Soap films have been used bubble through a small diameter deflation tube ͑radius s to demonstrate minimal surfaces, solutions to Laplace’s ϳ1mm͒ inserted through the rubber stopper. The bubble equation, and many other mathematically interesting 3 can be held at a fixed radius by inserting a small plug on the structures. Beyond that, soap films have been studied in new end of the deflation tube; this is important when measuring and interesting ways, including the study of two-dimensional 4 5 the surface tension of the soap film as discussed in the fluid dynamics, soap films in electric fields, and magnetic following. soap films.6 A collapsing spherical soap bubble is fairly straightfor- ward to analyze and has been used to determine the surface tension of the soap film.7 Although this type of experiment is A. Preliminary details a good project for introductory students, we describe here a similar but more sophisticated experiment that is appropriate As shown in Fig. 1, our setup has the bubble sitting on top for upper-division students. The main difference with previ- of the tube rather than hanging from the bottom. This setup is ous studies is that the bubble is placed on a hollow tube with chosen to prevent liquid from collecting on the bubble and a relatively large radius. As a result, instead of the bubble causing it to deform. This orientation is stable for reasonably ͑ Շ ͒ radius decreasing monotonically to zero, the radius first de- sized bubbles r 5R . Because the liquid will drain down creases and then increases as the bubble flattens to cover the the inside and outside of the tube, care must be taken to end of the tube. When carefully performed, the agreement prevent the liquid from entering the inflation and deflation between experiment and theory is very good, adding a tubes by inserting these tubes all the way through the rubber “wow” factor that gives students a strong sense of accom- stopper so that they protrude into the interior of the large plishment and a positive overall experience. diameter tube. Paper towels wrapped around the outside of Depending on the amount of assistance provided, this the tube prevent the experiment from getting too messy. project can take students from a week—if the experiment Measuring the bubble radius as a function of time is ac- is already set up and students are provided with the theory to complished by videotaping the deflating bubble and carefully a semester—if the project is open-ended and students are analyzing the images. Because the deflation tube is so nar- expected to set up the equipment and derive all the equations row, the entire deflation process can take several minutes on their own. In our case the project was open-ended so that even for a modest-sized bubble. Such a lengthy deflation the students were responsible for dealing with all the diffi- time makes it essential that our soap solution produce long culties that inevitably arise when doing research. lasting bubbles. Numerous recipes for soap bubble solutions can be found on the web, and we experimented with many different types. Without going to heroic measures,8 a good II. EXPERIMENTAL DETAILS starting formula for producing long lasting bubbles is a mix- ture of ͑approximately͒ one part glycerine, one part water, The basic experiment is qualitatively very simple—a and one part Dawn Ultra.9 This solution remains satisfactory spherical soap bubble of radius r͑t͒ is blown on the end of a even when adding much more water. hollow cylindrical tube and videotaped as it deflates. As To quantitatively compare the experimental data to a the- mentioned, the hollow tube has a relatively large radius R, oretical prediction, we need to know the surface tension of which significantly alters the results compared to previous the soap film. The surface tension can be easily measured studies. In this configuration the bubble radius decreases and using the same apparatus. 990 Am. J. Phys. 78 ͑10͒, October 2010 http://aapt.org/ajp © 2010 American Association of Physics Teachers 990 This article is copyrighted as indicated in the article. Reuse of AAPT content is subject to the terms at: http://scitation.aip.org/termsconditions. Downloaded to IP: 192.38.67.115 On: Tue, 29 Sep 2015 07:20:53 Bubble C. Laminar flow Syringe Large tube Before discussing the actual bubble deflation experiment, we discuss the size of the deflation tube. Our theoretical analysis depends on the flow through the deflation tube being Stopper laminar. This flow can be verified experimentally by filling Deflation tube the soap bubble with smoke and watching the flow pattern emanate from the deflation tube. Alternatively, we can esti- Precision Manometer mate the deflation tube radius by examining the Reynolds Stands/Clamps 3−way number Re. The latter is a dimensionless number that com- connector pares inertial to viscous forces for given fluid flow condi- tions. Laminar ͑smooth and stable͒ flow occurs at low Rey- Fig. 1. A schematic diagram of the bubble deflation experiment. A syringe is nolds numbers when viscous forces are dominant, and used to inflate the bubble, and a precision manometer is used to measure the turbulent ͑chaotic and unstable͒ flow occurs at large Rey- pressure difference between the interior and exterior of the bubble. nolds numbers when inertial forces dominate. Laminar flow through a tube is governed by Poiseuille’s equation13 B. Measuring the surface tension ␲s4 ͉⌬P͉ Measuring the surface tension of soap solutions using the Q = , ͑2͒ 10 ␩ apparatus shown in Fig. 1 has been discussed, and we fol- 8 L low a similar procedure. The pressure difference of the gas where Q is the ͑volumetric͒ flow rate through the tube, ␩ is across a spherical soap film is given by the Young–Laplace the ͑dynamic͒ viscosity of the fluid, s and L are the radius equation and length of the tube, and ⌬P is the pressure difference 4␴ from one end of the tube to the other. To estimate the Rey- ⌬ ͑ ͒ 2 P = Pin − Pout = , 1 nolds number for flow through a pipe, we take ␳v as the r inertial force and ␩ٌvϳ␩v/͑2s͒ as the viscous force, where ␴ where is the surface tension of the soap film, Pin and Pout ␳ is the mass density and v is the characteristic velocity of are the gas pressures inside and outside the bubble, and r is the fluid. The Reynolds number for flow through a pipe is the radius of the bubble. ␳v2 2␳Q To determine the surface tension, we inflate a soap bubble Re Ϸ = , ͑3͒ and allow it to deflate in stages, plugging the deflation tube ␩v/͑2s͒ ␩␲s 11 between each stage.