PALEOBIOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS OF THE POST-PALEOZOIC FOSSIL RECORD OF THE LINGULIDE BRACHIOPODS AND ASSOCIATED FAUNAS By ALEXIS ROJAS A DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 2017 © 2017 Alexis Rojas To my wonderful grandparents, who taught me to be resourceful and resilient ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I thank the members of my dissertation committee for their time and extreme patience. I am indebted to Liang Mao, whose graduate courses inspired me to adopt a spatially explicit perspective to study the fossil record. I also express my sincere appreciation and gratitude to my advisor, Michał Kowalewski, for his academic guidance and personal support. I am also grateful to a long list of people affiliated with museums without whom this dissertation would not have been possible: Roger Portell (Florida Museum of Natural History) for his assistance during multiple surveys of the invertebrate paleontology collections, Sean Roberts (Florida Museum of Natural History) and Mark Florence (National Museum of Natural History) for their assistance with digital images of specimens, Alfred Dulai (Hungarian Natural History Museum) for sharing information from his ongoing research on lingulides, Eric Simon (Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences) for providing museum data, and Daniel Levin (National Museum of Natural History) for his assistance during the visit to the paleobiology collections. I am very grateful to Dr. Etayo-Serna (Ingeominas), Georgina Guzman (Universidad Industrial de Santander), Javier Luque (University of Alberta), Jorge Moreno (Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute), and the family Sandoval- Rueda for their support during field seasons in the town of Zapatoca. I am indebted to Michael Sandy (University of Dayton) for sharing his expertise on brachiopod taxonomy, providing the serial sections of Sellithyris elizabetha nov sp. and field data on Mexican and European taxa, and Julie Hays for generating biometric information. 4 I thank the contributors to the PaleoDB who collected Albian ammonoid data, especially Austin Hendy, Matthew Clapham and Loïc Villier, Martin Rosvall (Umeå University) for his comments on the resolution of the Infomap algorithm, and Christopher Scotese (http://www.scotese.com) for providing the PALEOMAP and PointTracker Software. I am very grateful to my collaborators for their valuable input: Chapter 2 Michael Sandy; Chapter 3 Gregory P. Dietl and Austin Hendy; Chapter 4, Michał Kowalewski and Roger Portell; Chapter 5 Michał Kowalewski, Pedro Patarroyo and Peter Bengtson. I also thank reviewers for their comments and constructive criticism: Chapter 4 Patricia Kelley, Elizabeth M. Harper and David A.T. Harper; Chapter 5 Wolfgang Kiessling, Dieter Korn, and an anonymous reviewer, and editorJudith Totman. I am very grateful to my wife, Elizabeth Sandoval, whose constant encouragement was vital in making this dissertation a reality. This dissertation research was funded in part by the Jon L. and Beverly A. Thompson Endowment Fund. Additional funding support was provided by a UF- Department of Geological Sciences Teaching Assistantship. Field Survey was funded in part by the mithsonian Tropical Research Institute. Funding support from a Florida Museum of Natural History Travel Award and Drs. Emily H. and Harold E. Vokes Grants-in-Aid for Invertebrate Paleontology Collection-based Research is appreciated. 5 TABLE OF CONTENTS page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .................................................................................................. 4 LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................ 8 LIST OF FIGURES .......................................................................................................... 9 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ........................................................................................... 11 ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................... 13 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION: THE POST-PALEOZOIC FOSSIL RECORD OF THE LINGULIDE BRACHIOPODS ................................................................................. 15 2 LOWER CRETACEOUS BRACHIOPODS FROM COLOMBIA (SOUTH AMERICA): BIOSTRATIGRAPHIC SIGNIFICANCE AND PALEOGEOGRAPHIC IMPLICATIONS ................................................................. 19 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 19 Materials and Methods ............................................................................................ 20 Sample Collection ............................................................................................ 20 Data Analysis ................................................................................................... 21 Systematic Palaeontology ....................................................................................... 23 Discussion .............................................................................................................. 28 3 A PROXY FOR SITE-SELECTIVE OF DRILLING PREDATORS BASED ON SPATIAL POINT PROCESS MODELING ............................................................... 40 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 40 Materials and Methods ............................................................................................ 41 Data Collection: Museum Survey ..................................................................... 41 Point Pattern Construction ................................................................................ 42 Density Analysis of Drillholes ........................................................................... 43 Spatial Clustering Analysis of Drillholes ........................................................... 44 Results .................................................................................................................... 45 Discussion .............................................................................................................. 46 4 THE POST-PALEOZOIC FOSSIL RECORD OF DRILLING PREDATION ON LINGULIDE BRACHIOPODS ................................................................................. 54 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 54 Materials and Methods ............................................................................................ 55 6 Data .................................................................................................................. 55 Methods ............................................................................................................ 57 Results .................................................................................................................... 59 Discussion .............................................................................................................. 62 5 GLOBAL BIOGEOGRAPHY OF ALBIAN AMMONOIDS: A NETWORK-BASED APPROACH ............................................................................................................ 71 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 71 Materials and Methods ............................................................................................ 72 Data .................................................................................................................. 72 Network Construction and Partitioning ............................................................. 73 Results .................................................................................................................... 74 Discussion .............................................................................................................. 76 6 CONCLUSIONS ..................................................................................................... 87 APPENDIX A BIOMETRIC DATA ON SELLITHYRIS COMPILED IN THIS STUDY ..................... 89 B DRILLING DATA ON CENOZOIC LIROPHORA COMPILED IN THIS STUDY ...... 96 C BODY SIZE DATA OF THE LINGULIDE SPECIMENS SURVEYED AT THE FLORIDA MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ..................................................... 103 LIST OF REFERENCES ............................................................................................. 108 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH .......................................................................................... 132 7 LIST OF TABLES Table page 2-1 Comparison of Sellithyris elizabetha and other Valanginian forms ..................... 38 2-2 Results of the permutational MANOVA .............................................................. 39 3-1 Drillling data on museum samples of Lirophora latirilata .................................... 52 3-2 Parameters used to calculate the optimum bandwidth (hopt) ............................... 53 4-1 Quantitative data for the localities with drilled specimens. .................................. 69 4-2 Statistical significance of the drilling frequencies. ............................................... 70 5-1 Comparison of the Infomap communities in the network GP. .............................. 85 5-2 Comparison of the networks GP and GP-benthos ...................................................