Hungarian Revival POLITICAL REFLECTIONS ON CENTRAL EUROPE BY DR. LÁSZLÓ MARÁCZ Mikes International The Hague, Holland 2007 LÁSZLÓ MARÁCZ : HUNGARIAN REVIVAL Kiadó 'Stichting MIKES INTERNATIONAL ' alapítvány, Hága, Hollandia. Számlaszám: Postbank rek.nr. 7528240 Cégbejegyzés: Stichtingenregister: S 41158447 Kamer van Koophandel en Fabrieken Den Haag Terjesztés A könyv a következ ő Internet-címr ől tölthet ő le: http://www.federatio.org/mikes_bibl.html Aki az email-levelezési listánkon kíván szerepelni, a következ ő címen iratkozhat fel: [email protected] A kiadó nem rendelkezik anyagi forrásokkal. Többek áldozatos munkájából és adományaiból tartja fenn magát. Adományokat szívesen fogadunk. Cím A szerkeszt őség, illetve a kiadó elérhet ő a következ ő címeken: Email: [email protected] Levelezési cím: P.O. Box 10249, 2501 HE, Den Haag, Hollandia _____________________________________ Publisher Foundation 'Stichting MIKES INTERNATIONAL', established in The Hague, Holland. Account: Postbank rek.nr. 7528240 Registered: Stichtingenregister: S 41158447 Kamer van Koophandel en Fabrieken Den Haag Distribution The book can be downloaded from the following Internet-address: http://www.federatio.org/mikes_bibl.html If you wish to subscribe to the email mailing list, you can do it by sending an email to the following address: [email protected] The publisher has no financial sources. It is supported by many in the form of voluntary work and gifts. We kindly appreciate your gifts. Address The Editors and the Publisher can be contacted at the following addresses: Email: [email protected] Postal address: P.O. Box 10249, 2501 HE, Den Haag, Holland _____________________________________ ISSN 1570-0070 ISBN-13: 978-90-8501-104-0 NUR 754 © Mikes International 2001-2007, László Marácz 1996-2007, All Rights Reserved ___________________________________________________________________________________ © Copyright Mikes International 2001-2007, László Marácz 1996-2007 - II - LÁSZLÓ MARÁCZ : HUNGARIAN REVIVAL PUBLISHER ’S PREFACE Mikes International is pleased to publish electronically the volume HUNGARIAN REVIVAL — Political Reflections on Central Europe — by dr. László Marácz, which was originally published in 1996 by the Aspekt publishing house in Nieuwegein, the Netherlands. The Hague (Holland), January 23, 2007 MIKES INTERNATIONAL ___________________________________________________________________________________ © Copyright Mikes International 2001-2007, László Marácz 1996-2007 - III - LÁSZLÓ MARÁCZ : HUNGARIAN REVIVAL Aspekt, Nieuwegein, 1996 ___________________________________________________________________________________ © Copyright Mikes International 2001-2007, László Marácz 1996-2007 - IV - LÁSZLÓ MARÁCZ : HUNGARIAN REVIVAL CONTENTS Publisher’s preface ...................................................................................................................... III NOTE TO THE ENGLISH EDITION BY MICHIEL KLINKHAMMER ............... 1 FOREWORD BY LÁSZLÓ T ŐKÉS............................................................................ 2 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................ 4 PART I : THE HUNGARIANS .................................................................................. 9 Western images of the Hungarians .............................................................................................10 Introduction .............................................................................................................................................................. 10 Historical Western images and stereotypes of the Hungarians................................................................................. 11 Negative images and stereotypes.............................................................................................................................. 11 Positive images and stereotypes................................................................................................................................ 12 Positive and negative images and stereotypes .......................................................................................................... 13 Hungarian images and stereotypes before, during and after the First World War.................................................... 14 The Hungarian self-image............................................................................................................20 How many Hungarians live in the Carpathian Basin? .............................................................................................. 23 The Hungarian language and myths of ethno-genesis .............................................................................................. 24 Hungarian history ..................................................................................................................................................... 29 Trianon research ....................................................................................................................................................... 30 Research into the élite............................................................................................................................................... 31 Conclusions .............................................................................................................................................................. 31 The emergence of a new Hungarian self-image .........................................................................33 The open Hungarian culture ..................................................................................................................................... 33 Integrational power and tolerance............................................................................................................................. 34 Mental-moral imperatives......................................................................................................................................... 36 Willingness to compromise ...................................................................................................................................... 37 The drive for freedom............................................................................................................................................... 38 The Hungarian language........................................................................................................................................... 39 Mental and material cultural heritage ....................................................................................................................... 42 PART II : TRIANON AND ITS CONSEQUENCES FOR THE HUNGARIANS 47 Hungary before the First World War.........................................................................................48 The background to the First World War...................................................................................................................49 The road to Trianon .................................................................................................................................................. 52 The Trianon secrets................................................................................................................................................... 55 The losses of Trianon....................................................................................................................60 Hungary during the interbellum................................................................................................................................ 62 New Central European states.................................................................................................................................... 62 Ethnic engineering.................................................................................................................................................... 65 The freeing of the Hungarians .................................................................................................................................. 71 Ethnic cleansing........................................................................................................................................................ 72 Returning to hell ....................................................................................................................................................... 74 Anti-Hungarian ethnocide ...........................................................................................................76 Croatia: the annihiliation of a Hungarian community............................................................................................... 79 Lesser Yugoslavia: Hungarians as cannon fodder for Serbian generals ................................................................... 83 Slovakia: ethnic cleansing with the aid of administrative means.............................................................................. 88 Subcarpathia: the obstruction of Hungarian autonomy............................................................................................. 92 Transylvania: the anatomy of a pogrom ...................................................................................................................94 ___________________________________________________________________________________ © Copyright