The Multiverse Origin of our Physics does without Strings, Big Bang, Inflation, or Parallel Universes Tom Gehrels Department of Planetary Sciences, University of Arizona December 29, 2009 Evolution needs long times and large numbers of samples or species. Our finely tuned physics can therefore not have evolved during the fast changes of a single Big-Bang universe, but the scales of 1030 years and 1019 universes of our multiverse satisfy that condition. Planck and Chandrasekhar equations show that multiverse, and a variety of observations show the origin of our physics. Our multiverse is being fed by the debris of its decaying universes, it is transported on accelerated expansion. New universes originate from clouds of that debris, which is re-energized by the gravity at the cloud-centers when the proton density of 1018 kg/m3 is reached. That epoch occurs ~10-6 seconds, i.e. 1037 Planck times, later than a Big Bang. It marks the beginning of our universe with a photon burst that may have been observed by WMAP as the radiation signature with a wider curvature than that of the 3-K radiation. Karl Schwarzschild’s test also confirms that beginning. Key words: physics, protons, universes, dark energy, physical constants. CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION 1 2. PLANCK AND CHANDRASEKHAR EQUATIONS 2 3. THE “UNIVERSAL PLANCK MASS”, M(α) 2 3.1. Restricted to Primordial Baryonic Objects 2 3.2. Calibrated with the Proton Mass 2 3.3. Overview Table 3 4. THREE CONSTANTS LOCK THE PROTON RADIUS 3 5. THE MULTIVERSE 5 5.1. Observations 5 5.2. Difference with parallel universes 5 6. THE HISTORY OF OUR UNIVERSE 5 6.1. Decay of our Universe 5 6.2. Evolution in the Multiverse 6 6.3. Beginning of our Universe 7 7. CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE WORK 7 7.1. Schwarzschild’s Proof 8 7.2. Observations of Dark Energy 9 7.3. Summary Listing 9 1. INTRODUCTION This paper is a reply to the concise discussions of how our physics has gone awry with strings and interpretation of quantum theory by Smolin (2007) and by Penrose (in Kruglinski 2009). Previous titles are in www.lpl.arizona.edu/faculty/gehrels.html while now I try their concise approach for greater effect. There are two distinct derivations, the first for the multiverse, which is based without anthropic assumptions on the equations of Max Planck (1858-1947) and Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar (1910-1995). Planck defined units for mass, time, length and temperature in terms of the Planck constant h, radiation velocity c, gravity constant G, and Boltzman constant k (Planck 1899). Chandra derived an expression for cosmic masses in terms of h, c, and G, and of proton mass H (Chandrasekhar 1951). The paper begins where Chandra left off, by comparing his expression with the Planck domain. When this leads to a multiverse, a verification is inserted, but then its results are encouraging to proceed (Sec. 4). The surprise is that the multiverse has a precisely known mass, physics, and evolution for its universes, all being the same as in our universe. The second part of this paper answers the question, “how did our universe originate from the multiverse?” This part is simpler than the first, because it is based on dozens of observations for our universe’s aging and debris, and for the early stages of our universe. A theoretical confirmation is provided by a 1916 paper of Karl Schwarzschild (1873-1916). The outline of this paper is in the above Contents; it ends with a summary of 37 conclusions and suggestions for future work. 2. PLANCK AND CHANDRASEKHAR EQUATIONS Planck derived the theory of blackbody radiation and found units with them for length, mass, time and temperature through dimensional analysis; for instance the Planck mass is (hc/G)0.5. Modern values of the constants are h = 6.626 0693(11) x 10-34 m2 kg s-1, c = 299 792 458 m s-1 (in a vacuum, exact by definition), while G = 6.6742(10) x 10-11 m3 kg-1 s-2 (Mohr & Taylor 2005). The numbers in parentheses are the estimated standard deviations; the relative standard uncertainty of G, for example, is 1.5 x 10-4. The proton mass is 1.672 621 71(29) x 10-27 kg. Chandra developed the theory of structure, composition, and source of energy for stars involving a variety of physical laws such as of Stefan and Boltzmann, which relates pressure and temperature at various depths inside the star (Chandrasekhar 1951, pp. 599-605). The constants h, c, G, and H appear in the physical laws of the stars - which are the basic components of the cosmos - and they represent aspects of quantum, relativity, gravity, and atomic theory in unified operation. For the total stellar mass he thereby derived, M = (hc/G)1.5 H-2. (1) He had also discovered a generalization for cosmic masses, M(α) = (hc/G)α H1-2α, (2) for positive exponents, which identify the type of object, such as with α = 2.00 for our universe, in addition to the above α = 1.50 for stars. 3. THE “UNIVERSAL PLANCK MASS”, M(α) 3.1. Restricted to Primordial Baryonic Objects The paper deals primarily with baryonic and primordial masses. In the case of stars, the usage of M(α) is limited to original matter consisting mostly of hydrogen and helium in O and B stars, from which formed the compositions in subsequent stars with increased abundances of heavier elements. 3.2. Calibrated with the Proton Mass A simplification of Eq. (2) is possible by expressing the masses in terms of the universal mass unit of the proton mass, such that H = 1, and 2 M(α) = (hc/G)α, (3) provided that all masses be expressed in terms of the proton mass, H. One could call this expression the “universal Planck mass”, considering it “… one of the most beautiful and important formulae in all of theoretical astrophysics…” (Shu 1982). 3.3. Overview Table Table 1 presents data in the universal unit of the proton mass. These are representative proton masses; it does not say that there are 1078 protons in our universe. Comparison with observations was made already by Chandra in the 1930s, namely 1.1 x 1078 proton masses for the universe that had been obtained from star counts, and in his Nobel-prize lecture he has 29.2 solar masses for O and B stars [3.469 96(79) x 1058 proton masses; see Stahler et al. 2000]. The preparations were pursued in Gehrels (2007a,b, 2009); a search for other objects participating in M(α) was made and a value of α = 1.00 found for planetesimals, but this needs further study. Table 1. Masses computed for various Objects α Proton masses Type of Object ------------------------------------------------------------ ↑ 3.00 1.2 x 10117 Cluster of Universes 2.50 3.7 x 1097 Local Group of Universes 2.00 1.1 x 1078 Universe 1.50 3.5 x 1058 O and B Stars 0.50 3.3 x 1019 Planck mass 0.00 1 Proton ------------------------------------------------------------- 4. THREE CONSTANTS LOCK THE PROTON RADIUS This section is to gain confidence in some of the concepts such as the Planck mass and the finite mass of our universe; it is in three stages. The Planck mass had been theorized in an original phase of matter, at an impossibly high Planck density, compressed within one cubic Planck length such that most of its components, but not all, can interact at velocity c, which is a Planck length in a Planck time. These concepts define the Planck mass, while we now are replacing that with its role in the mass scaling of the cosmos (Table 1). We also need c5/hG2, which is the computed Planck density = 8.2044(25) x 1095 kg m-3. (4) The constant factor F between steps of ∆α = 0.50 in the Table is seen in the number of proton masses for the Planck mass, which is the same number as for primordial stars generated in our universe, F = 3.261 68(25) x 1019. (5) The ratio of the universe’s mass [1.131 79(35) x 1078 proton masses] and the Planck mass [3.261 68(25) x 1019] has the third power of F, but the third root of that is taken for the length ratio from that volume ratio, coming back to F. Thus we obtain a size parameter for the universe at Planck density from the product of F and Planck length. That is however the size of a rib of a cube, while for the radius of a spherical volume for the universe one divides by the cube root of 4п/3 to obtain R’ = 8.1974(9) x 10-16 m. 3 A basic exercise but without demonstration of the cube in the explanation of the Planck mass, is to divide the mass of the universe in Table 1 by the Planck density and obtain radius R’ again. A more precise derivation is made by realizing that the formulae for the universe’s mass in Eq. (2), (hc/G)2 H-3 [H also in kg], divided by the one for Planck density, c5/hG2, yield the volume of h3 c-3 H-3. The low-precision gravity term, G, now takes no longer part and that increases the precision of the derivation. After rib-radius conversion again, the radius of the universe, if it would ever have been at the unlikely Planck density, would have been, R = 8.197 3725(20) x 10-16 m, (6) with the precision depending only on those of h and H, since c is exact and G is no longer involved.