Washington University in St. Louis Washington University Open Scholarship Arts & Sciences Electronic Theses and Dissertations Arts & Sciences Spring 5-15-2018 Wild Primates in Documentary Films: Biodiversity, Behavior, and Pedagogical Applications Crystal Marie Riley Koenig Washington University in St. Louis Follow this and additional works at: https://openscholarship.wustl.edu/art_sci_etds Part of the Biological and Physical Anthropology Commons, Higher Education Administration Commons, Higher Education and Teaching Commons, and the Natural Resources and Conservation Commons Recommended Citation Koenig, Crystal Marie Riley, "Wild Primates in Documentary Films: Biodiversity, Behavior, and Pedagogical Applications" (2018). Arts & Sciences Electronic Theses and Dissertations. 1551. https://openscholarship.wustl.edu/art_sci_etds/1551 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Arts & Sciences at Washington University Open Scholarship. It has been accepted for inclusion in Arts & Sciences Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Washington University Open Scholarship. For more information, please contact [email protected]. WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY IN ST. LOUIS Department of Anthropology Dissertation Examination Committee: Crickette Sanz, Chair Talia Dan-Cohen Michelle Repice David Strait Emily Wroblewski Wild Primates in Documentary Films: Biodiversity, Behavior, and Pedagogical Applications by Crystal M. Riley Koenig A dissertation presented to The Graduate School of Washington University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy May 2018 St. Louis, Missouri © 2018, Crystal M. Riley Koenig Table of Contents List of Figures ................................................................................................................................. v List of Tables ................................................................................................................................. vi Acknowledgments......................................................................................................................... vii Abstract of the Dissertation ........................................................................................................... ix Chapter 1: An Overview of the Representation of Primates in Nature Documentaries ................. 1 1.1 Why primates?.................................................................................................................. 2 1.2 This research .................................................................................................................... 3 1.3 Types of primate documentaries ...................................................................................... 5 1.4 History of primates in film ............................................................................................. 11 1.5 Impacts of primate documentaries on audiences............................................................ 18 1.6 Wildlife films’ divergence from reality ......................................................................... 22 1.7 Primate portrayal and ethics ........................................................................................... 25 1.8 Dissertation structure...................................................................................................... 26 References ................................................................................................................................. 28 Chapter 2: Teaching Anthropology with Primate Documentaries: Investigating Instructors’ Use of Films and Introducing the Primate Films Database .................................................................. 34 2.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................... 34 2.2 Method ........................................................................................................................... 38 2.2.1 Survey ................................................................................................................................. 38 2.2.2 Participants .......................................................................................................................... 40 2.2.3 Statistical Analyses ............................................................................................................. 41 2.3 Results ............................................................................................................................ 41 2.4 Discussion ...................................................................................................................... 49 2.4.1 Instructor Survey ................................................................................................................. 50 2.4.2 Primate Films Database ...................................................................................................... 53 2.4.3 Future Directions................................................................................................................. 54 2.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................................................... 55 References ................................................................................................................................. 55 Chapter 3: Overrepresentation of Flagship Species in Primate Documentaries and Opportunities for Promoting Biodiversity ........................................................................................................... 58 ii 3.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................... 58 3.2 Method ........................................................................................................................... 63 3.2.1 Statistical Analyses ............................................................................................................. 66 3.3 Results ............................................................................................................................ 67 3.3.1 Taxa ..................................................................................................................................... 69 3.3.2 Conservation Status............................................................................................................. 70 3.3.3 Body Size ............................................................................................................................ 71 3.3.4 Diurnality versus Nocturnality ............................................................................................ 73 3.3.5 Predicting On-screen Time Based on Species Characteristics ............................................ 73 3.4 Discussion ...................................................................................................................... 74 3.4.1 Taxa ..................................................................................................................................... 75 3.4.2 Conservation Status............................................................................................................. 76 3.4.3 Body size ............................................................................................................................. 77 3.4.4 Nocturnal and Diurnal Primates .......................................................................................... 78 3.4.5 Broader Implications ........................................................................................................... 79 3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................................................... 81 References ................................................................................................................................. 82 Chapter 4: Portrayals of Wild Primates in Documentary Films: Reason for Concern? ............... 86 4.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................... 86 4.2 Method ........................................................................................................................... 90 4.2.1 Statistical Analyses ............................................................................................................. 93 4.3 Results ............................................................................................................................ 95 4.3.1 Inaccuracies ....................................................................................................................... 103 4.4 Discussion .................................................................................................................... 104 4.4.1 Documentary Ethics and Primatology .............................................................................. 107 References ............................................................................................................................... 110 Chapter 5: Conclusion................................................................................................................. 117 5.1 Synthesis....................................................................................................................... 123 5.2 Broader Implications ...................................................................................................