CALCULATION TOOL FOR DIRECT EMISSIONS FROM STATIONARY COMBUSTION Version 3.0 July 2005 A WRI/ WBCSD Tool Prepared by Michael Gillenwater Environmental Resources Trust With special contributions from Mike Woodfield (AEA Technology), Tim Simmons (Avonlog Ltd), Mike McCormick (California Climate Registry), Vince Camobreco (EPA Climate Leaders), Leif Hockstad (EPA Climate Division), Kyle Davis (MidAmerican Energy), Brian Jones (MJ Bradley), Kelly Levin (NESCAUM), Chris Nelson (State of Connecticut), Jochen Harnisch (Ecofys), Simon Schmitz (WBCSD), Brad Upton (NCASI). Questions or comments on this material can be directed to: Florence Daviet 10 G Street NE Suite 800 Washington DC, 20777 Phone: 202-729-7822 Fax: 202- 729-7610 e-mail: [email protected] WRI/WBCSD GHG Protocol Michael Gillenwater Stationary Combustion Guidance Page 1 of 94 GHG PROTOCOL GUIDANCE DIRECT EMISSIONS FROM STATIONARY COMBUSTION1 1 INTRODUCTION..............................................................................................................................................4 1.1 ORGANIZATIONAL AND OPERATIONAL BOUNDARIES ...................................................................................7 1.2 COMBUSTION PROCESSES ............................................................................................................................8 1.3 SPECIAL EMISSIONS ACCOUNTING ISSUES..................................................................................................10 1.3.1 Biomass................................................................................................................................................10 1.3.2 Waste fuels...........................................................................................................................................12 1.3.3 Transferred CO2 ..................................................................................................................................12 1.3.4 CO2 capture and storage .....................................................................................................................13 1.3.5 Non-combustion processes ..................................................................................................................13 2 DIRECT CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION .......................................................................13 2.1 COMPARING METHODOLOGIES ..................................................................................................................13 2.2 CALCULATION METHOD AND DATA COLLECTION ......................................................................................15 2.2.1 Fuel consumption (Activity data).........................................................................................................18 2.2.2 Fuel sampling and analysis (Factors) .................................................................................................20 2.2.3 Oxidation factors .................................................................................................................................27 2.3 DIRECT MEASUREMENT ISSUES..................................................................................................................29 2.3.1 Flow rate..............................................................................................................................................33 2.3.2 Gas concentration................................................................................................................................34 3 DIRECT CH4 AND N2O EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION......................................................35 4 DIRECT CO2 EMISSIONS FROM OTHER PROCESSES ASSOCIATED WITH STATIONARY COMBUSTION FACILITIES .................................................................................................................................37 4.1 SORBENT EMISSIONS .................................................................................................................................38 4.2 EMISSIONS FROM REDUCING AGENTS AND FUEL CELLS .............................................................................39 5 PROJECT LEVEL REDUCTIONS...............................................................................................................39 6 QUALITY MANAGEMENT AND UNCERTAINTY..................................................................................40 7 DOCUMENTATION AND ARCHIVING.....................................................................................................41 8 REFERENCES.................................................................................................................................................42 9 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ...............................................................................................................................44 10 REVISION HISTORY ....................................................................................................................................44 11 ANNEX A: BACKGROUND ON CARBON CONTENT FACTORS .......................................................45 11.1 INTERGOVERNMENTAL PANEL ON CLIMATE CHANGE (IPCC)...................................................................45 11.2 U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY ..........................................................................................45 11.2.1 Variability and uncertainty in U.S. coal carbon content factors.....................................................46 11.2.2 Variability and uncertainty in U.S natural gas carbon content factors ..........................................47 11.2.3 Variability and uncertainty in U.S. petroleum product carbon content factors..............................48 11.3 EUROPEAN UNION EMISSION TRADING SCHEME .......................................................................................50 11.4 ESTIMATING CARBON CONTENT FROM API GRAVITY AND SULFUR CONTENT DATA...................................51 12 ANNEX B: BACKGROUND ON CALORIFIC/HEATING VALUES......................................................53 11 This document also addresses emissions from select non-combustion process related to the production of energy (i.e., use of sorbents in emissions control, geothermal energy production, use of fossil fuels as reducing agents, and fossil fuel reforming for fuel cells). WRI/WBCSD GHG Protocol Michael Gillenwater Stationary Combustion Guidance Page 2 of 94 13 ANNEX C: U.S. ACID RAIN PROGRAM (40 CRF PART 75) DEFAULT FACTORS .........................55 14 ANNEX D: RELEVANT TECHNICAL STANDARDS..............................................................................57 14.1 AMERICAN SOCIETY OF TESTING AND MATERIALS (ASTM).....................................................................57 14.2 U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (EPA)................................................................................58 14.3 AMERICAN SOCIETY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERS (ASME).....................................................................59 14.4 AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARDS INSTITUTE (ANSI) ............................................................................59 14.5 GAS PROCESSORS ASSOCIATION (GPA)....................................................................................................59 14.6 AMERICAN GAS ASSOCIATION (AGA) ......................................................................................................60 14.7 AMERICAN PETROLEUM INSTITUTE (API).................................................................................................60 14.8 INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS ORGANIZATION (ISO) ................................................................................60 14.9 GERMAN INSTITUTE FOR STANDARDIZATION (DIN) .................................................................................64 14.10 COMMITTEE ON EUROPEAN NORMALIZATION (CEN)................................................................................65 15 ANNEX E: UNIT CONVERSIONS ..............................................................................................................66 16 GLOSSARY......................................................................................................................................................67 WRI/WBCSD GHG Protocol Michael Gillenwater Stationary Combustion Guidance Page 3 of 94 1 Introduction The objective of this document is to provide guidance on the estimation of direct (i.e., see box below on Scope 1) greenhouse gas emissions from stationary combustion processes that is in keeping with the principles of the GHG Protocol. Specific guidance is provided on the selection and implementation of emission estimation methodologies, data collection, documentation, and quality management. Methodological and data collection options are described so that different users of this tool may match the rigor and detail of their emission inventory to their needs or goals. This guidance, along with its companion Excel worksheet tool, may be used by companies for internal or public reporting needs, or to participate in a GHG program. Likewise GHG programs, including voluntary or mandatory programs and emission trading schemes, may also customize this tool for their program’s needs.2 GHG Protocol Scope 1: Direct greenhouse gas emissions Direct greenhouse gas emissions occur from sources that are owned or controlled by the company, for example, emissions from combustion in owned or controlled boilers, furnaces, vehicles, etc.; emissions from chemical production in owned or