THE ABUSE OF PHOTOJOURNALISM IN THE MEDIA: CASE STUDY WOMEN BY APIO LUCY BMC/6201/41/DU A RESEARCH REPORT SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF A BACHELORS DEGREE IN MASS COMMUNICATION OF KAMPALA INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY AUGUST 2008 DECLARATION I, APIO LUCY declare that this project is my original work and has never been presented to any other university for award of any academic certificate or anything similar to such. I solemnly bear and stand to correct any inconsistence. Signature APIO LUCY DATE: APPROVAL This is to acknowledge that this Report has been under my supervision as a university supervisor and is now ready for submission. Signature/ Date MISS BYAMUKAMA SYLVIA 11 DEDICATION This work is affectionately dedicated to my Sponsor William Innes B and Wife Vicky and family for their support, patience and understanding during this period of study not forgetting all those who constantly wished me success. l1l AKNOWLEDGEMENT I also owe a lot of appreciation to all those ,Nho assisted me in carrying out this research most especially my sponsors William Innes B and Wife Vicky. I am grateful to my supervisor Miss Byamukama Sylvia who I i tirelessly ·1.:vent through my work and inspired me to dig deeper into the core of the matter. Her kind criticism, patience and understanding, assisted me a great deal. Ii I I am indebted to my friends Julius, Zing, Ann, Sylvia, Mill and Tom and t i the rest of the discussion group members who gave me encouragement r· in time of difficulties. Thanks also go to all those lecturers who impacted professionalism into my work. I[ I r! I wish to thank my family especially my Uncle Mr. John Paul Kinyera and I.~ Aunties for their love and inspiration during my stay in Kampala I International University (K.I. U). I Finally, I would like to thank all my respondents who participated in this I study within a short notice without which this work would not have been l( I possible. I li I I i IV i I i;.:: TABLE OF CONTENT DECLARATION ................................................................................................................ i APPROVAL ....................................................................................................................... ii DEDICATION ................................................................................................................. iii AKNOWLEDGEMENT ................................................................................................. iv TABLE OF CONTENT .................................................................................................... v ABSTRACT ..................................................................................................................... vii CHAPTER ONE ............................................................................................................... 1 1.0 INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................... l 1.1 BACKGROUND ........................................................................................................ 8 1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM .................................................................... 12 1.3 HYPOTHESIS ......................................................................................................... 13 1.4 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY ......................................................................... 13 1.5 SIGNIFICANCY OF THE STUDY ................................................................. 14 1.6 RESEARCH QUESTION ...................................................................................... 14 1. 7 SCOPE OF THE STUDY ............................................. :........................................ 15 1.8 RELATIONSHIP ..................................................................................................... 15 CHAPTER TWO ............................................................................................................. 16 LITERATURE REVIEW ............................................................................................... 16 Theoretical Framework .............................................................................................. 19 DEFINITION OF KEY CONCEPTS ........................................................................... 20 CHAPTER THREE ........................................................................................................ 21 METHODOLGY ............................................................................................................. 21 3.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................... 21 3.2 Selection of study area ...................................................................................... 21 3.3 Research design .................................................................................................... 21 3.4 Research tools ....................................................................................................... 21 3.5 Procedure of data collection .............................................................................. 22 V 3.6 Data Analysis ......................................................................................................... 22 CHAP'I'ER FOUR ........................................................................................................... 23 PRESENTATION OF RESEARCH FINDINGS ....................................................... 23 4.0 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................... 23 CHAP'I'ER FIVE ............................................................................................................. 25 SUMARY OF RESEARCH FINDINGS ..................................................................... 25 5. 1 CONCLUSION ...................................................................................................... 31 5.2 RECOMMENDATIONS ...................................................................................... 32 BIBLIOGRAPHY ............................................................................................................ 33 QUESTIONAIRE ............................................................................................................ 34 vi ABSTRACT The purpose of this study was to investigate the causes of abuse of photojournalism in the media. The specific objectives of the stud_y \Vere to show how photojournalism ethics should be applied when covering women's photography, highlight the facts that some of the portraits of women can conflict peoples morals in society and therefore suggest how to minimize this conflict and to explain how responsible journalism can be exercised so as to eliminate this problem. The methods used for data collection was questionnaires to the staff members of media centers covered. In chapter four, the findings were presented and interpreted in relation to the study objectives and research questions. While linking to the existing literature, results pictures showing the portrayals of women. Based on the findings it was clearly seen that both new vision and the daily monitor portray v.·omen in their photography as sex objects. The findings suggested recommendations that Women photography and photography in the print media in general should be practiced by photojournalists with at least a degree or diploma, so as to perpetuate irresponsible reporting; The print media both new vision and the daily monitor should reconsider public interests other than market or increased sales for their papers so that they are not tempted to publish controversial pictures about women without considering their ethical implications among other recommendations. vii CHAPTER ONE 1.0 INTRODUCTION Photography is one of the practices under Journalism in the print media. It generally refers to the telling a story with a picture, reporting with a camera or recording a moment that is news\vorthy. Photography as a media has been accepted as a visual means of communication in the world .it has gone beyond the print media ,writers used to think that writing in journalism was the only important area of communication but photography in Uganda and the world is now taken as a powerful means of communication . Photography is a common thing. Million of people shoot still or motion pictures so it seems strange when we consider that photography is one of the newest languages in this world. For all intents and purposes, photography was introduced in 1839. At the time, it was a novelty to see the reproduction of photographs in news papers and magazines. Colors photography in every rudimentary form appeared in about 1910. People were really fascinated by photography from the very first. Although we consider photography as it first appeared in 1839, it really evolved through a long and frustrating process. The camera existed long before there was any real use for it as a recording device. No one knows where the first camera was constructed but we know that Aristotle observed the images of a solar eclipse formed by lighting passing through small gaps in tree foliage. In effect, a pinhole image. 1 The first camera was probably constructed by the tenth century by Arab scholars. Roger Bacon referred to the camera obscura in the 1200s, possibly learning about it from the Arab writings in its earliest form. The camera obscura (meaning dark chamber) was