Information Literacy and Libraries in the Knowledge Society Inaugural-Dissertation submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Dr. phil.) to the Faculty of Philosophy, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf by Maria Henkel from Karl-Marx-Stadt, Germany Supervisor: Prof. Wolfgang G. Stock Düsseldorf, May 2019 D61 Contents List of Figures ............................................................................................................................................................... 2 List of Tables ................................................................................................................................................................ 4 Foreword ....................................................................................................................................................................... 5 Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................................................... 7 1 Introduction to Information Literacy and Libraries ................................................................................... 8 Part I: Information Literacy as a Basic Skill in the Knowledge Society 2 Vermittlung von Informationskompetenz, Medienkompetenz und Digitaler Kompetenz als Schulfach ..................................................................................................................................................................... 28 3 Informationskompetenz Forschung in Graz und Düsseldorf ............................................................. 46 4 Evaluating an Information Literacy Assessment Instrument The Case of a Bachelor Course in Business Administration .......................................................................................................................................... 59 5 Exploring Media and Information Literacy in Early Childhood with a Digital App .......................... 68 6 Comparing Information Literacy Levels of Canadian and German University Students ................ 91 7 Educators of the Information Society: Information Literacy Instruction in Public and Academic Libraries of Canada ................................................................................................................................................ 103 8 “We have big plans”. Information Literacy Instruction in Academic and Public Libraries in the United States of America ...................................................................................................................................... 123 Part II: Libraries as Parts of Public Knowledge Infrastructures 9 Qatar National Library as Part of a Countrywide Knowledge Infrastructure ................................. 142 10 Singapore’s Library System and Its Place in a Smart Nation ............................................................. 171 11 How Public Libraries are Keeping Pace with the Times: Core Services of Libraries in Informational World Cities .................................................................................................................................. 214 12 Open Innovation in Libraries ..................................................................................................................... 256 13 Conclusion ...................................................................................................................................................... 280 Bibliography............................................................................................................................................................. 290 1 List of Figures Chapter 2 p. 30 | Figure 1: Informationskompetenz (rot), Medienkompetenz (blau) und digitale Kompetenz (gelb) in der wissenschaftlichen Literatur zwischen 2001 und 2017 p. 31 | Figure 2: Geforderte Kompetenzen in der Wissensgesellschaft Chapter 4 p. 63 | Figure 1: Acceptance/appreciation of information literacy questionnaire by students p. 63 | Figure 2: Length of information literacy questionnaire Chapter 5 p. 72 | Figure 1: The Hungry Squirrel p. 73 | Figure 2: Helping the Beaver p. 74 | Figure 3: Finding a Place to Sleep p. 74 | Figure 4: Water for the Fish p. 74 | Figure 5: Puzzle p. 74 | Figure 6: Animal Song p. 77 | Figure 7: A researcher is playing the app with a child p. 78 | Figure 8: Age (in years) and gender of participating children p. 80 | Figure 9: Duration (in seconds) needed to solve the 6 tasks from the interview-application (arithmetic mean, standard deviation) p. 81 | Figure 10: Attempts needed to solve the tasks, sorted by age and gender (arithmetic mean) p. 82 | Figure 11: Children's favourite media p. 84 | Figure 12: Responses to statements a-e from 1 (not true) to 7 (absolutely true) Chapter 6 p. 95 | Figure 1: Average results for each sphere of competence (Canada vs. Germany) Chapter 7 p. 107 | Figure 1: Questionnaire Setup p. 110 | Figure 2: Overall Expectation and Experience Results p. 111 | Figure 313: Gap Scores for Public and Academic Libraries p. 112 | Figure 4: Overall Gap Scores for Canada p. 113 | Figure 5: Importance of Information Literacy Competence Areas Chapter 8 p. 124 | Figure 1: Publications on “Information Literacy Instruction” as seen in LISTA p. 125 | Figure 2: Publications on “Information Literacy Instruction” as seen in Web of Science p. 126 | Figure 3: Topics of information literacy and institutions of information literacy instruction p. 129 | Figure 4: Example for a questionnaire item p. 130 | Figure 5: Overall gap scores for all interviewed libraries p. 132 | Figure 6: Gap scores for public and academic libraries Chapter 9 p. 145 | Figure 1: Business District in Doha’s West Bay p. 146 | Figure 2: Doha’s Education City 2 p. 151 | Figure 3: Qatar National Library p. 153 | Figure 4: Qatar National Library / Homepage p. 154 | Figure 5: QNL Catalog / Results List p. 155 | Figure 6: Example from the Qatar Digital Library: Qatar Oil Concession from Jan. 29, 1934 p. 156 | Figure 7: The Qatar Philharmonic Orchestra at QNL p. 164 | Figure 8: Location of QNL in Doha Chapter 10 p. 172 | Figure 1: Singapore is a Tropical Smart City-state at the Southernmost Tip of Continental Asia p. 177 | Figure 2: The National Library Building in Singapore p. 180 | Figure 3: Singapore’s Libraries in the Country’s Political Organization p. 186 | Figure 4: OneSearch: (a) Search Interface, (b) Results Presentation (Excerpt) p. 187 | Figure 5: NLB Mobile App: a) Home, b) Search Results, c) Events p. 190 | Figure 6: Singapore Memory Project: (a) Results List, (b) Document Display p. 191 | Figure 7: Exemplary Map from the Online Service of the National Archives of Singapore p. 195 | Figure 8: Basic Digital Skills Curriculum from the Digital Readiness Blueprint 2018 p. 199 | Figure 9: Screenshot of the NLB Facebook Page Chapter 11 p. 215 | Figure 1: Infrastructures of an informational world city p. 223 | Figure 2: Informational world cities p. 229 | Figure 3: E-resources in informational world cities’ public libraries p. 230 | Figure 4: Guides in informational world cities’ public libraries p. 231 | Figure 5: Digital reference services in informational world cities’ public libraries p. 232 | Figure 6: Applications of social media in informational world cities’ public libraries p. 233 | Figure 7: Building of the Vancouver Public Library p. 234 | Figure 8: Physical spaces in informational world cities’ public libraries p. 235 | Figure 9: Additional services of informational world cities’ public libraries p. 236 | Figure 10: Ranking of public libraries in informational world cities with regard to the core services p. 238 | Figure 11: Amsterdam public library physical space p. 239 | Figure 12: Maker space at Chicago public library Chapter 12 p. 258 | Figure 1: Theoretical model of open innovation in libraries p. 262 | Figure 2: Means for information inflow p. 263 | Figure 3: Shareholders involved in the information inflow activities p. 266 | Figure 4: Design thinking for libraries p. 266 | Figure 5: Dokk1 in Aarhus. Integration of library and citizen services p. 268 | Figure 6: Helsinki Central Library: Submit a dream! p. 270 | Figure 7: Open innovation platform of the National Library Board Singapore p. 272 | Figure 8: Open innovation at the German National Library of Economics: Ideas for better library services 3 List of Tables Chapter 2 p. 37 | Table 1: Kompetenzen der Wissensgesellschaft in der informationswissenschaftlichen Literatur und die Vorschläge der KMK Chapter 5 p. 75 | Table 2: What can we learn during the app interviews? p. 79 | Table 3: Observed behaviours from the session protocols, sorted by frequency (f) Chapter 6 pp. 100-102 | Table 1: Questionnaire items (1-41), average results (Canada, Germany) and p-value (t- test) Chapter 7 p. 108 | Table 1: Questionnaire Content and Segmentation Chapter 8 p. 128 | Table 1: Content and structure of the questionnaire p. 140 | Table 2: Complete and Average Survey Results Chapter 10 p. 175 | Table 1: Singapore’s Master Plans towards Knowledge Society and Smart Nation p. 181 | Table 2: NLB’s Tasks by Law. Source: NLB Act, 2018 (excerpt, modified) p. 201 | Table 3: Social Media Outreach of NLB Institutions (as of Sept 7, 2018) p. 206 | Table 4: Main Assets of Singapore’s NLB on the Country’s Way towards Knowledge Society and Smart Nation Chapter 11 p. 237 | Table 1: Changes in the public library ranking p. 243 | Table 2: Advantages and risks of open innovation in the context of public libraries according to Georgy (2012) Chapter 12 p.