Bureaucracy and Bureaucratic Change in Hittite Administration by Remzi Tayfun Bilgin A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Near Eastern Studies) in the University of Michigan 2015 Doctoral Committee: Professor Gary M. Beckman, Chair Associate Professor Benjamin W. Fortson Professor Piotr A. Michalowski Emeritus Professor Norman Yoffee Copyright © 2015 Remzi Tayfun Bilgin All Rights Reserved Acknowledgements I would like to express my gratitute to a number of individuals and institutions for helping me complete this dissertation. My foremost thanks goes to my advisor Prof. Gary Beckman for his mentorship and support throughout my studies and dissertation, and the unceasing patience during our biweekly meetings that enabled me to complete this work in a timely fashion. I was very lucky to have Prof. Piotr Michalowski and Prof. Norman Yoffee alongside him, who formed the perfect teaching triangle in Hittite, Sumerian, and Akkadian, in addition to all other aspects of the Ancient Near East history, as well as Prof. Benjamin Fortson, who kindly covered the semesters during the absence of Prof. Beckman. I am deeply thankful to all of my committee members for the comments, feedback, and encouragement they have provided during the dissertation process. I am grateful to the Department of Near Eastern Studies and Rackham Graduate School for their generous support of my dissertation project, as well as to the faculty and staff of department with special thanks to Wendy Burr for her diligent and sincere help. Research conducted in several instritutions enabled important contributions to my dissertation. I thank Theo van den Hout at University of Chicago for allowing me access the Chicago Hittite Dictionary catalogs, İsmet Aykut and Mine Çiftçi for the assistance they provided at at the Anatolian Civilizations Museum in Ankara, as well as Andreas Schachner, Önder İpek, and Tahir Aksekili for their help at Boğazköy Museum. For years of support, help, and friendship, I am grateful to my friends at the university, particularly my cohort which includes Gina Konstantopoulos, İlgi Gerçek, and Christine Efta, as well as Adrianne Spunaugle, Sara Feldman, Talia Gangoo, Vahe Sahakyan, Nancy Lithicum, Noah Gardiner, Stephen Tyndall, and Neville McFerrin. Finally I would like to thank my family, particularly my mother Güngör Bilgin for the inspiration and persistent support to pursue this endevaour. Hawever, the lion’s share of thanks goes to my wife Nilufer Esen-Bilgin not only for the initial encouragement but also for the endless support and patience during the years that followed. ii Table of Contents Acknowledgements......................................................................................................................... ii List of Figures................................................................................................................................. v List of Tables ................................................................................................................................. vi List of Appendices .......................................................................................................................viii Abbreviations in Bibliographical and Textual Material ................................................................ ix Frequently Abbreviated Terms and Conventional Markings........................................................ xv Chapter 1 Introduction............................................................................................................................. 1 1.1 Research Issues and Objectives ...................................................................................... 1 1.2 Previous Research...........................................................................................................5 1.3 Sources.......................................................................................................................... 11 1.4 Structure and Methodology........................................................................................... 12 2 The Royal Family ................................................................................................................. 19 2.1 The King....................................................................................................................... 19 2.2 The Queen..................................................................................................................... 26 2.3 The Crown Prince ......................................................................................................... 30 3 Provincial Administration..................................................................................................... 41 3.1 Rulers of Appanage Kingdoms..................................................................................... 41 3.2 Governors...................................................................................................................... 79 4 The Top-level Offices of Hittite State Administration ....................................................... 101 4.1 GAL MEŠEDI............................................................................................................. 102 4.2 GAL GEŠTIN............................................................................................................. 122 4.3 GAL SAGI.................................................................................................................. 147 4.4 GAL DUMU.MEŠ.É.GAL ......................................................................................... 158 4.5 LÚuriyanni ................................................................................................................... 190 4.6 GAL KUŠ7 .................................................................................................................. 206 4.7 GAL UKU.UŠ.............................................................................................................241 iii 4.8 GAL KARTAPPI......................................................................................................... 255 4.9 GAL DUB.SAR(.GIŠ)................................................................................................ 270 4.10 LÚantuwašalli .............................................................................................................. 300 4.11 GAL SIPA and GAL NA.GAD .................................................................................. 310 4.12 UGULA NIMGIR.ÉRIN.MEŠ ................................................................................... 325 4.13 Other High-Level Officials......................................................................................... 334 4.14 LÚSAG......................................................................................................................... 363 4.15 Hittite Military Commanders...................................................................................... 381 5 Administrative Documents ................................................................................................. 399 5.1 Instructions and Oaths and other Regulatory Documents........................................... 400 5.2 Land Donation Texts................................................................................................... 433 5.3 Inventory Documents.................................................................................................. 437 6 Collective Analysis of the Offices and Officials ................................................................ 446 6.1 Dual Offices................................................................................................................ 446 6.2 Continuity and Discontinuity in Hittite Offices.......................................................... 455 6.3 Hierarchy at the Hittite Court ..................................................................................... 463 6.4 Kinship, DUMU.LUGAL, and the Rise of LÚ.MEŠSAG .............................................. 475 6.5 Hittite Administration as a Patrimonial Organization ................................................ 491 7 Summary Conclusions........................................................................................................ 511 Appendices.................................................................................................................................. 516 Bibliography ............................................................................................................................... 522 iv List of Figures Figures Figure 1. Map of Hittite geography. ............................................................................................. 42 Figure 2. Quellegrotte stele and two seal impressions that identify kings of Išuwa..................... 74 Figure 3. Examples of hieroglyphic AURIGA and AURIGA2 signs from various sealings...... 208 Figure 4. Seal and sealings of Kantuzzili................................................................................... 216 Figure 5. Tarsus seals no. 17 and no. 45..................................................................................... 230 Figure 6. Family tree of Mittannamuwa. .................................................................................... 277 Figure 7. Family tree of Ziti......................................................................................................