1975 USDA FOREST SERVICE GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT PNW-40 This file was created by scanning the printed publication. Text errors identified by the software have been corrected; however, some errors may remain. A CATALOG OF VIRAL DISEASES OF INSECTS AND MITES Mauro E. Martignoni Paul J. Iwai PACIFIC NORTHWEST FOREST AND RANGE EXPERIMENT STATION U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE FOREST SERVICE PORTLAND, OREGON / ABSTRACT This comprehensive catalog of viral diseases of two large groups of arthropods updates the previous surveys of the world's literature published by Hughes in 1957 and by Martignoni and Langston in 1960. This computer-based catalog lists over 600 species of insects and mites, each reported to have one or more of 21 viral diseases or dis- ease groups, for a total of over 900 host-virus records. The catalog consists of two lists. In the first one the hosts are listed in taxonomic sequence (order, family, genus, species). Species appear alphabetically within each genus, genera alphabetically within each family, and families alphabetically within each order. In the second list, the hosts are listed alphabetically by specific names, without consideration of the higher taxa, The host-virus records are stored on computer tape; additions and corrections to the master file can be made easily, and thus the catalog can be revised without much effort. Keywords: Virus ( -insects, mites, computerized virus catalog. I NTR 0 D U CTI 0 N of our Experiment Station. This set of routines sorts and lists species of insects This comprehensive catalog of insects and mites, along with their viral diseases and mites reported to have viral diseases (as code numbers), in four separate is an example of the kind of documentation printouts : one can generate from the computer- assisted information system established (1) The species are listed alphabet- at the Forestry Sciences Laboratory in ically, by specific nam-es; if one species 1970 (Martignoni et al. 1973). The unique- has one or more subspecies, these are ness of this Catalog lies in its coverage: listed, too, in alphabetical sequence. this Catalog does not only add to, but it This' list serves as a general host index also includes viral diseases and species by specific names, and it disregards of arthropods previously cataloged in the arrangement of the species by higher "Annotated List" published by Hughes taxonomic cat ego rie s . (1 957) and in its "Supplement" published (2) The genera are listed in alphabet- by Martignoni and Langston (1960). The ical sequence; species and subspecies ,present Catalog results from our analysis are listed alphabetically within each genus. of the information content of 2, 300 publi- cations (as of this writing). Of these, 733 (3) The families are listed in alpha- formed the basis for the lists published by betical sequence; the genera are listed Hughes (1957) and by Martignoni and alphabetically within each family, as well Langston (1960). It should be emphasized as the species and subspecies within each that those two lists, as well as the present genus. Catalog, are not the result of simple title scans, but rather they were generated (4) The orders are listed in alphabet- ical sequence; the families and each sub- from a thorough analysis of each article sequent lower-rank taxon are listed alpha- entered in our master file. The methods b e tically. of input analysis and preparation have been described by Martignoni et al. (1973). Printouts 1 and 4 are reproduced The techniques of information storage and here (appendixes). retrieval are those of the eight FAMULUS program subsystems described by Burton Updating these lists requires a mini- et al. (1 969) and outlined, in greater mal effort only, once the appropriate detail, in the "FAMULUS User's Manual" information has been retrieved from spe- (National Technical Information Service cialized literature and entered into the 1969). FAMULUS master file. The processing cost for these four printouts is insignif- After completion of the guidelines for icant (less than $3, as of this writing). the FAMULUS version of the Catalog of Thus, updated printouts can be obtained Viral Diseases (Martignoni et al. 1973), whenever new host records or new dis- we decided to develop a cost-saving set of ease records are added to the master computer routines which would list in a tapes. condensed and easily readable format all host-virus records in our master files Our Catalog of Viral Diseases uses (which also include the records published the currently accepted scientific names by Hughes 1957 and by Martignoni and of host species, Recent monographs and Langston 1960). This was achieved with several specialists were consulted to the cooperation of the Biometrics Service determine current and correct specific, generic, and family designations. The ignoring such records, or of listing them, disease names (see key) are those most we decided for the latter option, with the commonly used in the English language. hope that, eventually, the viral nature of Their definitions can be found in the the particles would be confirmed in further "Abridged Glossary" (Steinhaus and studies. In the meantime, the reader Martignoni 1970), with the exception of should consider each code 17 entry with "crystalline-array virosis'' and of moderate skepticism. "hairless-black syndrome, I' two terms only recently added to the list of viral As the number of reports dealing with diseases of insects and mites. The selec- viral diseases of insects and mites has tion of a disease name reflects the infor- been increasing at an accelerated rate mation content of each publication. For since about 1960, publication of a compre- instance, POLYHEDROSIS (code 16) indi- hensive list of literature citations in a cates that the author of a report did not conventional format is now beyond the specify whether the disease was a scope of this Catalog. The printing cost NUCLEOPOLYHEDROSIS (code 12) or a alone, for such an extensive bibliography, CYTOPLASMIC POLYHEDROSIS (code 5). would be prohibitive. Those interested In the majority of cases, viral diseases in literature citations can find useful have been reported as naturally occurring bibliographies in several publications, in in their hosts ("natural hosts" or "typical addition to.those prepared by Hughes hosts"). In a few cases, however, the (1957) and by Martignoni and Langston reports indicate that the disease resulted (1 960). For instance, the literature from inoculation with a virus originally relating to the nucleopolyhedrosis viruses isolated from another host. Thus, some was reviewed by Bergold (1 963), the of the records in the following list repre- cytoplasmic polyhedrosis viruses by sent "accidental hosts, i. e., hosts in Smith (1963) and by Aruga and Tanada which the pathogen is not commonly found, (1 971), the granulosis viruses by Huger nevertheless hosts susceptible to infection (1963), and the viruses pathogenic for the with that pathogen, These few instances honey bee by Bailey (1963). There are have not been marked in the present lists; also bibliographies covering the viral thus it is not possible to identify accidental diseases of insects and mites in selected hosts. However, information on host geographical areas (e. g., Gershenson 1960, specificity (or host range) of the pathogens Hukuhara et al. 1966, Smirnoff and Juneau is contained in the master file. 1973). Finally, for those interested in obtaining one or more virus isolates (from A rather disturbing situation has a list of 223 viruses), the catalog by van arisen in recent years (especially since der Geest and van der Laan (1971) may ultramicrotomes and electron microscopes prove very convenient, as it includes also are no longer restricted to a few privi- a list of addresses of individuals or leged laboratories), one that forced us laboratories willing to supply the samples. to lump several records in the broad and ill-defined category PRESUMED VIROSIS The data base for the present Catalog (code 17). h our opinion, far too many is preserved in a master file (on magnetic manuscripts are rushed to the publisher tape and on paper) at our Station. We before sufficient evidence has been emphasize that the data base consists obtained on the viral nature and pathogen- only of published host records. Unpub- icity of "virus-like" particles discovered lished. host records (material stored in in ultrathin sections. In several instances, virus collections, restricted laboratory the viral nature of these particles is only reports, and personal correspondence) do a conjecture. Faced with the dilemrna of not appear in the Catalog. 2 USE OF THE CATALOG However, in tabIe 1 we list some of the most common synonyms (those most. fre- This Catalog of Viral Diseases con- quently encountered in the literature sists of two lists, much in the same way dealing with viral diseases) along with the as the two previous catalogs (Hughes 1957, accepted scientific names of arthropods Martignoni and Langston 1960). The first concerned. Additional synonyms can be (app. 1) is a list of hosts, arranged alpha- found in specialized monographs. Table 1 betically by orders, by families (alphabet- and, if desirable, such specialized mono- ically within each order), by genera (alpha- graphs should be consulted before a Cata- betically within each family), and by log search for a given insect or mite species (alphabetically within each genus)-- species is abandoned. and subspecies where appropriate, Each host record is followed by one or more disease code numbers. A key to the codes ACKNOWLEDGMENTS - AND is available (p. 35) and it can be unfolded to A PLEA FOR ASSISTANCE the right side of the pamphlet for convenience, The helpful and patient staff of the The second list (app. 2) is an index to Biometrics Section of the Pacific North- hosts by their specific names (trivial west Forest and Range Experiment Station names).