CORPORAL PUNISHMENT IN ZANZIBAR PRIMARY SCHOOLS: A CASE OF KISIWANDUI PRIMARY SCHOOL, ZANZIBAR ALI CHAI ALI A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF EDUCATION IN ADMINISTRATION, PLANNING AND POLICY STUDY OF THE OPEN UNIVERSITY OF TANZANIA 2015 ii CERTIFICATION The undersigned certified that she has read and hereby recommends for acceptance by the Open University of Tanzania a dissertation titled “ Corporal Punishment in Zanzibar Primary Schools. ACase of Kisiwandui Primary School, Zanzibar ” in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Education in Administration, Planning and Policy Studies of the Open University of Tanzania. ............................................................ Dr Grace Kissasi (Supervisor) …………………………………. Date iii COPYRIGHT No part of this dissertation may be reproduced, stored in any retrieval system, or transmitted in any form by any means, electronics, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without prior written permission of the author or the Open University of Tanzania in that behalf. iv DECLARATION I, Ali Chai Ali , do hereby declare this dissertation submitted for the Master of Education in Administration, Planning and Policy Study at the Open University of Tanzania is my own original work and has not been submitted to any other institution or University for academic award. ……………………………… Signature ……………………………. Date v DEDICATION This dissertation is dedicated to my beloved wife (Talhia Shamsi Ameir) and my lovely daughter (Nasra Ali Chai) who encouraged and supported me during the entire period of my study. vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Many individuals have assisted me in one way or another in accomplishing this work. I sincerely thank them all for their assistance and support. The space does not allow me to mention all of them; however I will mention a few of them. Firstly, I wish to express my special thanks to my academic supervisor Dr Grace Kissasi of The Open University of Tanzania, for her quick and effective academic supervision and moral support. I felt more-less like a son than a supervisee for her intellectual guidance and support to me during the study. Secondly, special gratitude goes to my fellow staff of JKU Secondary School for their moral support, ideas and encouragement that played a significant role in preparing this work. Thirdly, I wish to express my profound thanks to the management of Kisiwandui Primary School for allowing me to use the school in my research to access important information from teachers and pupils during the stage of data collection. Sincere thanks goes to educational leaders from the Ministry of Education in Zanzibar and parents who participated in the interview and hence making this study a success. Lastly, but not the least I sincerely thank my family for their understanding and moral support. They accepted to lead and experience a hard life during the whole period of my studies. May the almighty God bless them in their lives. The aforementioned people have contributed positively to this work. However, any errors that may be found in this work are entirely mine and none of the above individuals stand to share any responsibility. vii ABSTRACT The main focus of this dissertation was to investigate types of CP exercised in primary schools, their effects and alternative methods to be used.The study used 105 respondents who included students, parents, teachers and Ministry of Education officials. Data was collected through interview schedules, questionnaires and documentary reviews. Data collected were subjected to calculation of frequencies and percentages and also to content analysis.The findings of the study indicated that different types of CP were used in schools. Such punishments were like canning, hand up, foot whipping, spanking, belting, touching and pulling the ears, working in the school garden and cleaning the school compound.The findings showed that fear, damage of body parts, unhappiness, development of destructive behaviors, and breaking of teacher-child relationship were the negative effects of CP. Positive effects such as changing behaviors, hardworking, development of good morals and proper utilization of time were also revealed.The findings also revealed alternatives to CP. These were guidance and counseling, involve parents in school activities, create conducive learning environment, provision of extra-curricular activities, train teachers in alternative methods and set clear and consistent rules.On the basis of the findings and conclusions, it is recommended that workshops and meeting be organized to capacitate teachers on alternative methods and management of discipline. It was also recommended that CP to be administered by specific disciplined and trained teachers. With regard to further research, it was recommended among other things that a study be conducted to find out how students reactions toward CP affects students performance. viii TABLE OF CONTENTS CERTIFICATION ..................................................................................................... ii COPYRIGHT ............................................................................................................ iii DECLARATION ....................................................................................................... iv DEDICATION ............................................................................................................ v ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ........................................................................................ vi ABSTRACT .............................................................................................................. vii LIST OF TABLES .................................................................................................. xiii LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................ xiv LIST OF APPENDICES ......................................................................................... xv LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ................................................................................ xvi CHAPTER ONE ........................................................................................................ 1 INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Background to the Study .................................................................................. 1 1.3 Statement of the Problem ................................................................................. 4 1.3 Research Objectives ......................................................................................... 6 1.3.1 General and Specific Objectives ...................................................................... 6 1.3.2 Specific Objectives........................................................................................... 6 1.4 Research Task and Questions ........................................................................... 7 1.6 Significance of the Study ................................................................................. 7 1.7 Definition of Key Terms .................................................................................. 8 1.8 Conceptual Framework .................................................................................... 8 ix 1.9 Limitations of the Study ................................................................................. 10 1.10 Delimitations of the Study .............................................................................. 10 1.11 Organization of the Study .............................................................................. 11 CHAPTER TWO ..................................................................................................... 12 LITERATURE REVIEW ........................................................................................ 12 2.1 Introduction .................................................................................................... 12 2.2 Basic Concepts ............................................................................................... 12 2.2.1 Corporal Punishment ...................................................................................... 12 2.2.2 Primary School ............................................................................................... 13 2.3 Experience of CP in Different Countries ....................................................... 14 2.3.1 Corporal Punishment in Sweden .................................................................... 14 2.3.2 Corporal Punishment in Kenya ...................................................................... 15 2.3.3 Corporal Punishment in USA ......................................................................... 17 2.4 Kinds of Punishment Exercised in Schools .................................................... 17 2.4.1 Canning .......................................................................................................... 17 2.4.2 Belting ............................................................................................................ 19 2.4.3 Hands up Punishment ..................................................................................... 19 2.4.4 Tawse ............................................................................................................