Airborne Diseases Some Common Airborne Diseases Contents 1 Airborne disease 1 1.1 Overview ............................................... 1 1.2 Causes ................................................. 1 1.3 Transmission .............................................. 1 1.4 Prevention ............................................... 2 1.5 See also ................................................ 3 1.6 References ............................................... 3 2 Influenza A virus 4 2.1 Variants and subtypes ......................................... 4 2.2 Annual flu ............................................... 5 2.2.1 FI6 antibody ......................................... 5 2.3 Structure and genetics ......................................... 5 2.4 Multiplicity Reactivation ....................................... 6 2.5 In Non-humans ............................................ 6 2.6 Human influenza virus ......................................... 7 2.6.1 Evolution ........................................... 9 2.7 See also ................................................ 10 2.8 Notes ................................................. 10 2.9 Further reading ............................................ 13 2.10 External links ............................................. 13 3 Hand, foot, and mouth disease 14 3.1 Signs and symptoms ......................................... 14 3.2 Cause ................................................. 15 3.2.1 Transmission ......................................... 15 3.3 Diagnosis ............................................... 15 3.4 Prevention ............................................... 15 3.4.1 Vaccine ............................................ 15 3.5 Treatment ............................................... 15 3.6 Complications ............................................. 15 3.7 Epidemiology ............................................. 15 3.7.1 Major outbreaks ........................................ 16 i ii CONTENTS 3.8 History ................................................. 16 3.9 Research ................................................ 16 3.10 References .............................................. 16 3.11 External links ............................................. 18 4 Tuberculosis 19 4.1 Signs and symptoms .......................................... 19 4.1.1 Pulmonary .......................................... 20 4.1.2 Extrapulmonary ........................................ 20 4.2 Causes ................................................. 20 4.2.1 Mycobacteria ......................................... 20 4.2.2 Risk factors .......................................... 21 4.3 Mechanism .............................................. 21 4.3.1 Transmission ......................................... 21 4.3.2 Pathogenesis ......................................... 21 4.4 Diagnosis ............................................... 22 4.4.1 Active tuberculosis ...................................... 23 4.4.2 Latent tuberculosis ...................................... 23 4.5 Prevention ............................................... 23 4.5.1 Vaccines ............................................ 23 4.5.2 Public health ......................................... 24 4.6 Management .............................................. 24 4.6.1 New onset ........................................... 24 4.6.2 Recurrent disease ....................................... 24 4.6.3 Medication resistance ..................................... 24 4.7 Prognosis ............................................... 24 4.8 Epidemiology ............................................. 25 4.9 History ................................................. 25 4.10 Society and culture .......................................... 27 4.10.1 Names ............................................. 27 4.10.2 Public health efforts ...................................... 27 4.10.3 Stigma ............................................. 27 4.11 Research ................................................ 28 4.12 Other animals ............................................. 28 4.13 References ............................................... 28 4.14 External links ............................................. 35 5 Measles 36 5.1 Signs and symptoms .......................................... 36 5.1.1 Complications ......................................... 37 5.2 Cause ................................................. 37 5.3 Diagnosis ............................................... 38 CONTENTS iii 5.3.1 Laboratory testing ....................................... 38 5.4 Prevention ............................................... 38 5.5 Treatment ............................................... 38 5.6 Prognosis ............................................... 39 5.7 Epidemiology ............................................. 39 5.8 History ................................................. 40 5.9 Society and culture .......................................... 41 5.10 Research ................................................ 41 5.11 References ............................................... 41 5.12 External links ............................................. 45 6 Parotitis 46 6.1 Causes ................................................. 46 6.1.1 Dehydration .......................................... 46 6.1.2 Infectious parotitis ...................................... 46 6.1.3 Autoimmune causes ...................................... 46 6.1.4 Blockage ........................................... 46 6.1.5 Diseases of uncertain cause .................................. 46 6.2 Notes ................................................. 47 6.3 References ............................................... 47 6.4 External links ............................................. 47 7 Influenza 48 7.1 Signs and symptoms ......................................... 48 7.2 Virology ............................................... 49 7.2.1 Types of virus ........................................ 49 7.2.2 Structure, properties, and subtype nomenclature ....................... 50 7.2.3 Replication .......................................... 51 7.3 Mechanism .............................................. 51 7.3.1 Transmission ......................................... 51 7.3.2 Pathophysiology ....................................... 52 7.4 Prevention ............................................... 53 7.4.1 Vaccination .......................................... 53 7.4.2 Infection control ....................................... 53 7.5 Treatment ............................................... 54 7.5.1 Antivirals ........................................... 54 7.6 Prognosis ............................................... 54 7.7 Epidemiology ............................................. 55 7.7.1 Seasonal variations ...................................... 55 7.7.2 Epidemic and pandemic spread ............................... 55 7.8 History ................................................ 56 7.8.1 Etymology .......................................... 56 iv CONTENTS 7.8.2 Pandemics .......................................... 56 7.9 Society and culture .......................................... 58 7.10 Research ............................................... 58 7.11 Other animals ............................................. 59 7.11.1 Bird flu ............................................ 59 7.11.2 Swine flu ........................................... 60 7.12 References .............................................. 60 7.13 Further reading ............................................ 70 7.14 External links ............................................. 70 8 Chickenpox 71 8.1 Signs and symptoms .......................................... 71 8.1.1 Pregnancy and neonates .................................... 72 8.2 Diagnosis ............................................... 73 8.3 Pathophysiology ............................................ 73 8.3.1 Shingles ............................................ 73 8.4 Prevention ............................................... 74 8.4.1 Hygiene measures ....................................... 74 8.4.2 Vaccine ............................................ 74 8.5 Treatment ............................................... 74 8.5.1 Children ............................................ 74 8.5.2 Adults ............................................. 74 8.6 Prognosis ............................................... 75 8.7 Epidemiology ............................................. 75 8.8 Etymology ............................................... 75 8.9 Society and culture .......................................... 76 8.10 Other animals ............................................. 76 8.11 References ............................................... 76 8.12 External links ............................................. 78 9 Meningitis 80 9.1 Signs and symptoms .......................................... 80 9.1.1 Clinical features ........................................ 80 9.1.2 Early complications ...................................... 81 9.2 Causes ................................................. 82 9.2.1 Bacterial ............................................ 82 9.2.2 Viral ............................................. 82 9.2.3 Fungal ............................................. 82 9.2.4 Parasitic ............................................ 83 9.2.5 Non-infectious ........................................ 83 9.3 Mechanism .............................................. 83 9.4 Diagnosis ..............................................