Middlesex University Research Repository An open access repository of Middlesex University research http://eprints.mdx.ac.uk Apena Rogers, Feyishola Olayinka (2019) The crime-commission process of sexual offences on London trains (SOLT): offending in plain sight, not just at night. PhD thesis, Middlesex University. [Thesis] Final accepted version (with author’s formatting) This version is available at: https://eprints.mdx.ac.uk/29913/ Copyright: Middlesex University Research Repository makes the University’s research available electronically. Copyright and moral rights to this work are retained by the author and/or other copyright owners unless otherwise stated. The work is supplied on the understanding that any use for commercial gain is strictly forbidden. A copy may be downloaded for personal, non-commercial, research or study without prior permission and without charge. 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See also repository copyright: re-use policy: http://eprints.mdx.ac.uk/policies.html#copy The crime-commission process of sexual offences on London trains (SOLT): Offending in plain sight, not just at night A thesis submitted to Middlesex University in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Feyishola Olayinka Apena Rogers BSc., MSc. Faculty of Science and Technology Middlesex University April 2019 1 Acknowledgements This journey has been supported by a team around me who, without doubt, have made it possible for me to reach the end point. Firstly, to my supervisory team – Dr Jackie Gray, Professor Joanna Adler and Dr Miranda Horvath, who have allowed me to grow during this process, giving guidance, support and challenge in equal measure. It was an inspired dream team, which I was grateful to have, thank you. I would like to say thank you to Professor Nollaig Frost, who provided professional and personal support when I was navigating the narratives of the offenders. Exploring the ways in which I could interpret the datasets was also made fun, with the help of Gary Hearne. This PhD was funded by the British Transport Police (BTP). I received support beyond the financial aspect from a range of staff within BTP, whose interest and help to navigate barriers made this research happen. A special mention to Ashley Cooper, Patrick Kidwell, Keely Duddin, Richard Mann, along with members of the Performance and Management Team, who enabled me to access staff and datasets. Thank you also to Sharon Mui, who patiently enabled me to master Excel, and amalgamate the various datasets for analysis – no small task for a novice like me. Without the London Community Rehabilitation Company (CRC) and National Probation Service (NPS) gatekeepers, John Rico and Tajinder Matharu, I would not have been able to access the offenders who took part in the research. It was a long, far from straight-forward process, but well worth it. Thank you to the BTP police officers and offenders who participated in the research. I am grateful for their time and sharing their experiences. There are friends and fellow PhD students that have also been a part of this journey, I have enjoyed these valuable interactions. To my mum, who taught me that I could achieve anything if I put my mind to it! I learnt that you can work hard and play hard… I definitely intend to play hard for the next 3 years. An immense thank you to my husband Barns, who I realised 15 years ago was my rock that keeps me grounded when everything else is moving all around me. You have been there in so many ways to ensure that I was able to embark on and complete this milestone. Finally, to Reuben and Nathan - my amazing, inspiring sons, who have been encouraging me every step of the way and were often the reason I kept going until the very end. 2 Dissemination of findings Papers presented Apena Rogers, S., Gray, J., Adler, J.R. and Horvath, M. (2017) ' Policing sexual offences on London trains (SOLT): The proactive response’ at the British Sociological Association Conference. April 4-6. Apena Rogers, S., Gray, J., Adler, J.R. and Horvath, M. (2017) 'Understanding the commission process for sex offending on London railways: An ethnographic study of proactive policing approaches' at the British Psychological Society Annual Conference. May 3-6. Apena Rogers, S., Gray, J., Adler, J.R. and Horvath, M. (2018) ‘Sexual offences on London trains (SOLT): What we know from proactive police officers' experiences’ at the Stockholm Criminology Symposium. June 15-16. 3 Contents Acknowledgements ............................................................................................ 2 Dissemination of findings ................................................................................. 3 Contents ............................................................................................................. 4 List of tables ....................................................................................................... 9 List of figures ................................................................................................... 10 Acronyms .......................................................................................................... 11 Abstract ............................................................................................................ 12 Chapter 1: Introduction ................................................................................... 14 1.1 Definitions and terminology .................................................................................. 15 1.2 Sexual offending and victimisation rates on public transport ............................ 21 1.3 Background context - British Transport Police (BTP) ....................................... 23 1.3.1 Policing approaches ...................................................................................................................... 24 1.4 Research aims and strategy ..................................................................................... 27 1.5 Synopsis of chapters ................................................................................................ 28 Chapter 2: Literature review and theoretical frameworks ............................... 33 2.1 Psychological theories of sexual offending .......................................................... 34 2.1.1. The importance of attachment theory ................................................................................. 36 2.2 An integrated approach to understanding vulnerability factors ............ 39 2.2.1 Clinical predictors for individuals who sexually offend ............................................... 42 2.3 Environmental criminology .............................................................................. 50 2.3.1 Routine Activity Theory (RAT) ............................................................................................. 52 2.3.2 The Rational Choice Perspective (RCP) ............................................................................. 58 2.3.3 Crime scripts ............................................................................................................................... 65 2.4 Situation crime prevention ................................................................................ 69 2.5 Narrative criminology ......................................................................................... 72 2.5.1 The role of storylines within narrative .............................................................................. 74 2.5.2 Narrative identity and narrative roles as a construct ................................................... 79 2.5.3 Cognitive processes within narratives ..................................................................................... 81 2.6 The integration of ITSO, RAT, RCP, and NC: The new Model ...................... 83 2.6.1 Theory-knitting .............................................................................................................................. 84 Chapter 3: Methodology .................................................................................. 88 3.1 Using mixed methods approaches ......................................................................... 88 4 3.2 Study 1 – Police perspectives ................................................................................. 97 3.2.1 Data analysis .................................................................................................................................. 107 3.2.2 Structuring crime scripts .........................................................................................................