Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-19340-5 - Introducing Language Typology Edith A. Moravcsik Index More information Subject index abbreviations xii–xiii syntagmatic simplicity 54–55 absolute universals 14 use 51–53 accents 220–225 argument: definition 281 Contrastive Analysis Hypothesis 221 articles Markedness Differential Hypothesis 222–223 crosslinguistic distribution 195–196 Structural Conformity Hypothesis 223–225, 230 genesis of articles 195–201, 249 Accessibility Hierarchy 71–75, 101, 231–236, 281 gradual change 199 accusative alignment 87, 90 inflections 198 accusative case 68, 86 language contact 199–200 acronyms 46 meaning 198 active alignment 87, 88, 90 patterns of evolution 200–207 adjacency 91, 95–96, 172, 250–251, 257, 272 phonological form 196–198 adjectives 51–59 assimilation 158–163 color words 56–59 manner of articulation 158 see also antonyms orality vs. nasality 162 adjuncts: definition 281 place of articulation 158–162 adpositions 91, 98–100, 208–209, 281 voice assimilation 158 affixes 112–113 Association for Linguistic Typology 19 derivational 121, 122, 140, 141, 143–144 asymmetry 264 inflectional 121, 122, 140, 141, 143–144 augmentation 129 invariance vs. variance of affix forms 115 automatization 258 monosemous vs. polysemous affixes 113, 114, 116, 123–125 body-part terms 26–27, 31–34 overt vs. zero affixes 116–117 existence of terms 31–34 separatist vs. cumulative affixes 113, 114, 115, 122–125 and kinship terms 35 single-form vs. synonymous affixes 116 morphological composition 34 synonymy 115, 116 borrowing 204 vs. words 144 boustrophedon 1 8 2 agglutination 123, 281 agreement 67–68, 81, 82–86 calques 200 controllers 82, 82–84, 281 case 68–69, 86–90 definition 281 accusative 68, 86 features 82, 281 declensions 114–115 targets 82, 281 nominative 86 verb agreement 82–84 syncretism 125 vs. government 69 categorization see taxonomy Agreement Hierarchy 84–86 choice of words and word forms alienable possession 35, 281 see syntactic typology alignment 87–90, 281 chunking 209, 258, 259 accusative alignment 87, 90 circumfixing 118, 139 active alignment 87, 88, 90 classifiers 75–80 ergative alignment 87, 88, 89, 90 mensural classifiers 77 allomorphs 114, 115, 126, 132 numeral (sortal) classifiers 76–77 allophones 158, 160, 161, 162 languages 76–77 alphabets 180, 182, 183 semantics 77–80 ambipositions 204, 281 clitics 144, 174 analogy 266 cognitive dissonance 268 Animacy Hierarchy 84, 281 color words 56–59 antonyms 51–56 choice constraints 57 first-language acquisition 209–214 explanation for constraints 58, 60 effect of frequency 211–214 restricted inventory 57 overextension 210–214 complement: definition 281 f o r m 5 3 complexity frequency 53 antonyms 54–55 morphological structure 55 and frequency 265 paradigmatic complexity 54–55 implicational universals 15–16 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-19340-5 - Introducing Language Typology Edith A. Moravcsik Index More information 296 SUBJECT INDEX complexity (cont.) imitation 266–267 in relative clauses 235 linearization 265 zero forms 134–135 markedness 264–265 compositionality 28–29, 30 symbolism 266 body-part terms 34 types and tokens 263–264 definition 281 wholes and parts 262–263 words vs. sentences 142 domain-specific properties 268–270 compound words 28–29, 30, 112, 120–121, 144, 154 poverty of stimulus 270 conceptualization 261 Universal Grammar 268–270 conditional universals see implicational universals duplifixes 128, 129, 282 conflict resolution 268 consonant clusters 223 “elevator experience” 2 consonant harmony 153–154 ergative alignment 87, 88, 89, 90 consonantal writing systems 182 error rates 231 consonant–consonant order in syllables 166–172 euphemisms 59 consonants 176 existential statements 11, 14, 69, 119 nasal 13 explaining crosslinguistic preferences 2, syllabic 156–157 243–274 consonant–vowel inventories 175 diachrony 251–259 consonant–vowel order in syllables 165–166 definition 281 Contrastive Analysis Hypothesis 221 first-language acquisition 251–252 Controller Hierarchy 83–84, 101 grammaticalization 258–259 copula 66–67, 70, 135 harmonization 256–257 correlation pairs 250, 256–257 interlanguage 252 evolution 207–209, 250 proximization 252–256 harmony by extension 207–208 explanation defined 244–246 harmony by reanalysis 208–209 nomological explanations 246 creativity in second-language acquisition 220 permissive explanations 246 crosslinguistic generalizations 11, 20–21 probabilistic explanations 246 discovery 20 function 259–271 existence of words 28 compatibility and necessity 261 testing 20 conflicting functions 262, 273 crosslinguistic preferences see explaining crosslinguistic domain-general properties 262–268, 270–271 preferences domain-specific properties 268–270 crosslinguistic similarities 2–9 goals 260–262 genetic relatedness 3–4, 5, 8 means 262–271 language contact 4, 5, 8, 199–200 multiple functions 261–262 language types 5, 7, 8, 182 language structure 246–247 language universals 5, 8–9 functional explanation 248, 271 shared environmental conditions 8 historical explanation 247 cultural constraints 60–61 structural explanation 246–249 extravagance 261 data sources 19–21 dative case 68 familiarity declensions 114–115 in relative clauses 234 definite article in second-language acquisition 220, 230 clitics 174 first-language acquisition 209–219 gender syncretism 123–125, 136 antonyms 209–214 demonstratives 197, 198, 201 chunking 209 dependents 7–8, 100, 256–257, 263, 281 effect of frequency 211–214 determinatives 180 overextension 210–214 diachrony 251–259 and historical change 251–252 definition 281 nature vs. nurture 212–214, 217 grammaticalization 258–259 poverty of stimulus 270 harmonization 256–257 resumptive pronouns 228 interlanguage 252 spatial terms 214–219 proximization 252–256 frequency dichotomies 264 antonyms 53, 211–214 diminution 130 linear order patterns 91–97, 100, 101 domain-general properties 262–268, 270–271 overextension 211–214 conflict resolution 268 and paradigmatic complexity 265 heads and dependents 263 and simplicity of structure 265 iconicity 266 zero forms 135–137 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-19340-5 - Introducing Language Typology Edith A. Moravcsik Index More information Subject index 297 function 259–271 labial nasals 11 compatibility and necessity 261 Language and Culture Research Centre, Cairns Institute, conflicting functions 262, 273 James Cook University, Australia 17 domain-general properties 262–268, 270–271 language and thought 59–61 domain-specific properties 268–270 language change 193–240 goals 260–262 developmental change 194 means 262–271 first-language acquisition 209–219 multiple functions 261–262 second-language acquisition 219–231 functional approach 271 historical change 194, 195–209 genesis of articles 195–201, 249 gender grammaticalization 200, 201, personal pronouns 42–43 205, 206 syncretism 123–125, 136 vocabulary 3 genetic relatedness 3–4, 5, 8, 18 word order change 195, 201–209 geographic groups 18 invariance 195 government (grammatical) 68–69, 81, 82, 86–90 linguistic performance 231–239 grammaticalization 200, 201, 205, 206, 249, 258–259 competing motivations 236–239 relative clauses 231–236 harmonization propagation 195 diachrony 256–257 stages 194 harmony by extension 207–208 language contact 4, 5, 8, 199–200 harmony by reanalysis 208–209 language groups 18 heads 7–8, 100, 256–257, 263, 281 language samples 17–19 hieroglyphs 179–180, 182, 183 Dryer’s sampling technique 18–19 hiragana 1 8 1 , 1 8 3 genetic groups 18 historical change 194, 195–209 geographic groups 18 genesis of articles 195–201, 249 measure of universal tendencies 18 grammaticalization 200, 201, 205, 206 language structure 246–247 vocabulary 3 functional explanation 248, 271 word order change 195, 201–209 historical explanation 247 homonymy 123 simplicity 265 homorganicity 159–160, 282 structural explanation 246–249 language types 5, 7, 8, 9 iconicity 185, 186, 266 language typology 1–21 imitation 266–267 data sources 19–21 implicational universals 11–13, 14–16 goals 2–10 complexity 15–16 language samples 17–19 paradigmatic universals 14–15 statement types 10–17 reflexive universals 14–15 language universals 5, 8–9 syntagmatic universals 14–15 Language Universals Archive 20–21 inalienable possession 35, 281 lexical typology 25–62 indefinite articles 67 antonymic adjectives 51–56 infixes 118, 138 body parts 26–27, 31–34 inflections 198 color words 56–59 inpositions 97 compositionality 28–29, 30 interlanguages 223–225, 230, 252 kinship terms 5, 34–39 intonation 186 language and thought 59–61 introfixes 118, 139 morphological structure and meanings invariance 195 30–31 number words 45–51 kanji 1 8 1 , 1 8 3 onomatopoeia 28, 29 kinship terms 5, 34–39 partonomy 27–28, 282 and body-part terms 35 personal pronouns 8–9, 39–45 condition of life of connective relative 37 polymorphemic words 30 consanguineal vs. affinal relations 36, 37 sounds and meanings 28–31 existence of terms 35–38 taxonomy 27–28, 282 generational difference 36, 37 words for everything? 26–28 lineal vs. collateral relations 36, 37 linearization 265, 282 morphological structure 38–39 order pattern frequency 91–97, 100, 101 relative age within generation 37 see also word order sex differentiation 36, 37 linguistic performance 231–239 sex of connective relative 37 competing motivations 236–239 sex of the speaker 37 error rates 231 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org