INCOME INEQUALITY BETWEEN VISIBLE MINORITIES AND WHITES: A COMPARISON BETWEEN QUEBEC AND THE REST OF CANADA By Jennifer Sigouin Department of Sociology, McGill University, Montreal August, 2017. A thesis submitted to McGill University in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of Sociology. © Copyright by Jennifer Sigouin 2017 1 Table of Contents ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................................... 5 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................................ 8 PREFACE & CONTRIBUTION OF AUTHORS .......................................................................... 9 LIST OF TABLES ........................................................................................................................ 10 LIST OF FIGURES ...................................................................................................................... 13 LIST OF APPENDICES ............................................................................................................... 14 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION AND LITERATURE REVIEW ............................................. 15 Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 15 The Current Study ..................................................................................................................... 22 Ethnic Diversity and Integrating Newcomers: The Canadian and Quebec Approach .............. 25 Literature Review...................................................................................................................... 31 A General Overview of Ethnic stratification ........................................................................ 31 Definitions and Key Concepts .......................................................................................... 31 The Importance of Examining Ethnic Stratification in the Labor Market ........................ 31 Explanations for the Presence of Ethnic Stratification ..................................................... 32 Power-Threat Hypothesis.............................................................................................. 32 Economic/Political Threat ............................................................................................ 33 Cultural Threat .............................................................................................................. 34 Determining Subordinate Ethnic Groups: A Question of Boundaries .............................. 35 A Review of Ethnic Stratification in Canada: The Role of John Porter ............................... 36 Income Differentials in Canada ............................................................................................ 40 Income Differentials: Canada versus Quebec ....................................................................... 41 Explanations for Income Differentials .................................................................................. 43 CHAPTER 2: METHODOLOGY AND ANALYTICAL STRATEGY ...................................... 49 Methodology ............................................................................................................................. 49 Data and Sample ................................................................................................................... 49 Dependent Variable .............................................................................................................. 50 Independent Variable ............................................................................................................ 50 Covariates ............................................................................................................................. 51 Measuring Discrimination .................................................................................................... 56 Analytical Strategy................................................................................................................ 59 CHAPTER 3: WAGE DIFFERENTIALS BETWEEN VISIBLE MINORITY MEMBERS AND WHITES LIVING IN QUEBEC .................................................................................................. 62 Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 62 2 Results ....................................................................................................................................... 63 Descriptive Statistics ............................................................................................................. 63 Aggregate Decomposition Results for Men: 2005 and 2010 ................................................ 73 Explained Detailed Decomposition Analysis ................................................................... 75 How to Interpret the Results ......................................................................................... 75 Results ........................................................................................................................... 76 Unexplained Detailed Decomposition Analysis ............................................................... 81 How to Interpret the Results ......................................................................................... 81 Results ........................................................................................................................... 81 Aggregate Decomposition Results for Women: 2005 and 2010 .......................................... 91 Explained Detailed Decomposition Analysis ................................................................... 92 Results ........................................................................................................................... 92 Unexplained Detailed Decomposition .............................................................................. 97 Results ........................................................................................................................... 97 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................ 99 CHAPTER 4: WAGE DIFFERENTIALS BETWEEN VISIBLE MINORITY AND WHITE MEN: A COMPARISON BETWEEN QUEBEC AND THE REST OF CANADA ................. 107 Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 107 Results ..................................................................................................................................... 108 Descriptive Statistics ........................................................................................................... 108 Aggregate Decomposition Results ...................................................................................... 113 Explained Detailed Decomposition ................................................................................ 115 Education .................................................................................................................... 116 Marital Status .............................................................................................................. 117 Occupation .................................................................................................................. 118 Full-time Status and Number of Weeks Worked ........................................................ 119 Work Experience and Canadian Work Experience .................................................... 120 Language ..................................................................................................................... 121 Unexplained Detailed Decomposition ............................................................................ 133 Education .................................................................................................................... 133 Marital Status .............................................................................................................. 134 Occupation .................................................................................................................. 135 Full-time Status and Number of Weeks Worked ........................................................ 136 Work Experience and Canadian Work Experience .................................................... 137 Language ..................................................................................................................... 139 3 Conclusion .............................................................................................................................. 140 CHAPTER 5: WAGE DIFFERENTIALS BETWEEN VISBLE MINORITY AND WHITE WOMEN: A COMPARISON BETWEEN QUEBEC AND THE REST OF CANADA .......... 152 Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 152 Results ..................................................................................................................................... 152 Descriptive Statistics ........................................................................................................... 152 Aggregate Decomposition Results .....................................................................................