Cover.indd 1 13/10/20 12:51 AM Thank you to our generous sponsors: Platinum Gold Bronze Cover2.indd 1 19/10/20 9:42 PM 2021 Annual Meeting Program Program Editorial Staff Debbie Ann Doyle, Editor and Meetings Manager With assistance from Victor Medina Del Toro, Liz Townsend, and Laura Ansley Program Book 2021_FM.indd 1 26/10/20 8:59 PM 400 A Street SE Washington, DC 20003-3889 202-544-2422 E-mail: [email protected] Web: www.historians.org Perspectives: historians.org/perspectives Facebook: facebook.com/AHAhistorians Twitter: @AHAHistorians 2020 Elected Officers President: Mary Lindemann, University of Miami Past President: John R. McNeill, Georgetown University President-elect: Jacqueline Jones, University of Texas at Austin Vice President, Professional Division: Rita Chin, University of Michigan (2023) Vice President, Research Division: Sophia Rosenfeld, University of Pennsylvania (2021) Vice President, Teaching Division: Laura McEnaney, Whittier College (2022) 2020 Elected Councilors Research Division: Melissa Bokovoy, University of New Mexico (2021) Christopher R. Boyer, Northern Arizona University (2022) Sara Georgini, Massachusetts Historical Society (2023) Teaching Division: Craig Perrier, Fairfax County Public Schools Mary Lindemann (2021) Professor of History Alexandra Hui, Mississippi State University (2022) University of Miami Shannon Bontrager, Georgia Highlands College (2023) President of the American Historical Association Professional Division: Mary Elliott, Smithsonian’s National Museum of African American History and Culture (2021) Nerina Rustomji, St. John’s University (2022) Reginald K. Ellis, Florida A&M University (2023) At Large: Sarah Mellors, Missouri State University (2021) 2020 Appointed Officers Executive Director: James Grossman AHR Editor: Alex Lichtenstein, Indiana University, Bloomington Treasurer: William F. Wechsler Legal Counsel of the Association Alison M. Dreizen, Esq. Carter Ledyard & Milburn LLP Parliamentarian of the Association Kenneth F. Ledford, Case Western Reserve University Program Book 2021_FM.indd 2 26/10/20 8:59 PM Table of Contents iii General Information �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 1 Virtual AHA ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................1 2021 AHA Annual Meeting Program ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 2–54 Presidential Address ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������2 Plenary Sessions ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................2 Sessions of the AHA Program Committee ........................................................................................................................................................................2 Sessions of the AHA Affiliated Societies .........................................................................................................................................................................46 Indexes and Lists ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 55–77 Topical Index .................................................................................................................................................................................................................55 Affiliated Societies ..........................................................................................................................................................................................................56 Participants Index ..........................................................................................................................................................................................................63 Fifty-Year Members of the AHA.....................................................................................................................................................................................73 Exhibitors Index ............................................................................................................................................................................................................76 Advertisers Index............................................................................................................................................................................................................77 Advertising �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� follows page 77 Session Icons This icon identifies presidential sessions starting on page 2. Presidential Session Program Book 2021_FM.indd 3 26/10/20 8:59 PM iv Presidents of the American Historical Association 1884–85 Andrew Dickson White 1932 Herbert Eugene Bolton 1976 Richard B. Morris 1885–86 George Bancroft 1933 Charles A. Beard 1977 Charles Gibson 1886–87 Justin Winsor 1934 William E. Dodd 1978 William J. Bouwsma 1887–88 William Frederick Poole 1935 Michael I. Rostovtzeff 1979 John Hope Franklin 1889 Charles Kendall Adams 1936 Charles McIlwain 1980 David H. Pinkney 1890 John Jay 1937 Guy Stanton Ford 1981 Bernard Bailyn 1891 William Wirt Henry 1938 Laurence M. Larson 1982 Gordon A. Craig Frederic L. Paxson 1892–93 James Burrill Angell 1983 Philip D. Curtin 1939 William Scott Ferguson 1893–94 Henry Adams 1984 Arthur S. Link 1940 Max Farrand 1895 George Frisbie Hoar 1985 William H. McNeill 1941 James Westfall Thompson 1896 Richard Salter Storrs 1986 Carl N. Degler 1942 Arthur M. Schlesinger 1897 James Schouler 1987 Natalie Zemon Davis 1943 Nellie Neilson 1898 George Park Fisher 1988 Akira Iriye 1944 William L. Westermann 1899 James Ford Rhodes 1989 Louis R. Harlan 1945 Carlton J. H. Hayes 1900 Edward Eggleston 1990 David Herlihy 1946 Sidney B. Fay 1901 Charles Francis Adams 1991 William E. Leuchtenburg 1947 Thomas J. Wertenbaker 1902 Alfred Thayer Mahan 1992 Frederic E. Wakeman Jr. 1948 Kenneth Scott Latourette 1903 Henry Charles Lea 1993 Louise A. Tilly 1949 Conyers Read 1904 Goldwin Smith 1994 Thomas C. Holt 1950 Samuel E. Morison 1905 John Bach McMaster 1995 John H. Coatsworth 1951 Robert L. Schuyler 1906 Simeon E. Baldwin 1996 Caroline Walker Bynum 1952 James G. Randall 1907 J. Franklin Jameson 1997 Joyce Appleby 1953 Louis Gottschalk 1908 George Burton Adams 1998 Joseph C. Miller 1954 Merle Curti 1909 Albert Bushnell Hart 1999 Robert C. Darnton 1955 Lynn Thorndike 1910 Frederick Jackson Turner 2000 Eric Foner 1956 Dexter Perkins 1911 William Milligan Sloane 2001 Wm. Roger Louis 1957 William Langer 1912 Theodore Roosevelt 2002 Lynn Hunt 1958 Walter Prescott Webb 1913 William Archibald Dunning 2003 James M. McPherson 1959 Allan Nevins 1914 Andrew C. McLaughlin 2004 Jonathan Spence 1960 Bernadotte E. Schmitt 1915 H. Morse Stephens 2005 James J. Sheehan 1961 Samuel Flagg Bemis 1916 George Lincoln Burr 2006 Linda K. Kerber 1962 Carl Bridenbaugh 1917 Worthington C. Ford 2007 Barbara Weinstein 1963 Crane Brinton 1918–19 William Roscoe Thayer 2008 Gabrielle M. Spiegel 1964 Julian P. Boyd 1920 Edward Channing 2009 Laurel Thatcher Ulrich 1965 Frederic C. Lane 1921 Jean Jules Jusserand 2010 Barbara D. Metcalf 1966 Roy F. Nichols 1922 Charles H. Haskins 2011 Anthony Grafton 1967 Hajo Holborn 1923 Edward P. Cheyney 2012 William Cronon 1968 John K. Fairbank 1924 Woodrow Wilson 2013 Kenneth Pomeranz 1969 C. Vann Woodward 1924–25 Charles M. Andrews 2014 Jan Goldstein 1970 R. R. Palmer 1926 Dana C. Munro 1971 David M. Potter 2015 Vicki L. Ruiz 1927 Henry Osborn Taylor Joseph R. Strayer 2016 Patrick Manning 1928 James H. Breasted 1972 Thomas C. Cochran 2017 Tyler E. Stovall 1929 James Harvey Robinson 1973 Lynn White Jr. 2018 Mary Beth Norton 1930 Evarts Boutell Greene 1974 Lewis Hanke 2019 John R. McNeill 1931 Carl Lotus Becker 1975 Gordon Wright 2020 Mary Lindemann Program Book 2021_FM.indd 4 26/10/20 8:59 PM Planning and Arrangements for the 2021 Annual Meeting v American Historical Association Program Committee Headquarters Staff Laura Ansley Chair: Jared Poley Laura E. Matthew Managing Editor Georgia State University Marquette University Ashley E. Bowen Co-chair: Lisa M. Brady Ritika Prasad Editor, Perspectives on History Boise State University University of North Carolina at Charlotte Julia Brookins Yigit Akin Gautham Rao Special Projects Coordinator Tulane University American University Megan Connor Robert K. Batchelor Program Associate Bob Weinberg Georgia Southern University, Statesboro Swarthmore College Debbie Ann Doyle Monique Bedasse Meetings Manager Mark Ravina Washington University in St. Louis Maureen Elgersman Lee University of Texas at Austin Researcher Keisha N. Blain 2022 chair University of Pittsburgh Gabriella Folsom Margaret Salazar-Porzio Communications and Marketing Assistant Cristobal A. Borges National Museum of American History James Grossman North Seattle College 2022 co-chair Executive