Block 1 Geology Lesson 1 Intro to Geology Exploring Geosciences – January 30th, 2020 12 Thematic Lessons- Your Host: Francine Fallara, P. Geo., M.Sc.A (OGQ #433) Exploration geologist with over 25 years of field experience in various difficult geological environments Consultant in analytical data analysis specialized in complex geological exploration studies Expert in 3D geological modeling and www.ffexplore3d.com digital targeting of minerals Thematic Bloc 1 - Overview Thematic Block 1 Lesson Subtitle Date - 2020 English 1 Introduction to geology January 30th 1:30 - 3:30 PM 2 Rocks and Minerals February 13th 1:30 - 3:30 PM Geology 3 Rock Deformation February 27th 1:30 - 3:30 PM Exploring Geosciences: B1-Geology: L1- Intro to Geology 3 Lesson 1 – Introduction to Geology Lesson 1 Sub-lessons January 30th a. Geological Eras Earth Formation b. Geological Cycles 1:30 - 2:00 PM a. Continental Drift b. Earthquakes 2:00 - 2:30 PM Tectonic Plates c. Volcanism d. Mountain ranges a. Geological Provinces b. Characteristics Geology of Quebec 2:30 - 3:30 PM c. Quaternary Geology Exploring Geosciences: B1-Geology: L1- Intro to Geology 4 Earth Formation: Geological Eras How do we know when the dinosaurs died out? How do we know when birds first appeared on Earth? When humans evolved? When was the beginning of life itself? How was our planet formed and populated by living things over time? Exploring Geosciences: B1-Geology: L1- Intro to Geology 5 Earth Formation: Geological Eras To answer these questions, geologists use a Geologic Time Scale: A special timeline. A record of the earth's geologic history as scientists have come to understand it by studying the layers in rock. The geologic time scale is broken up into larger and smaller subdivisions, which help us get a better sense of how historical events fit together. Exploring Geosciences: B1-Geology: L1- Intro to Geology 6 Earth Formation: Geological Time Scale Major subdivisions representing the Earth's history since 4.6 billion years Exploring Geosciences: B1-Geology: L1- Intro to Geology 7 Earth Formation: Geological Time Scale https://gotbooks.miracosta.edu/earth_science/images/minerals.jpg Major subdivisions representing the Earth's history since 4.6 billion years Exploring Geosciences: B1-Geology: L1- Intro to Geology 8 Earth History Geological Time Scale on a 24 hours clock Earth’s history, recorded within a ‘Geological Time Scale’, based on: Fossils and rock formations Radioactive dating Exploring Geosciences: B1-Geology: L1- Intro to Geology 9 Lesson 1: Earth Formation: Geological Eras & Time Scale: Videos The History of Life on Earth: Timeline and Characteristics of Major Eras https://study.com/academy/lesson/the-history-of-life-on-earth-timeline-and-characteristics-of-major-eras.html The Geologic Record: Definition & Timeline https://study.com/academy/lesson/the-geologic-record-definition-timeline.html Exploring Geosciences: B1-Geology: L1- Intro to Geology 10 Earth Formation: Geological Cycles Geological processes and their map expressions https://geologycafe.com/index.html Exploring Geosciences: B1-Geology: L1- Intro to Geology 11 Earth Formation: Geological Cycles Deposition: Geological process where rocks, soil, and silt are naturally deposited in such a way that new land masses are created or old landforms are added to or changed. Erosion: Ongoing part of the geological cycle where land is worn away and carried elsewhere by elements like wind and rain. https://geologycafe.com/index.html Exploring Geosciences: B1-Geology: L1- Intro to Geology 12 Earth Formation: Geological Cycles Volcanic Eruption & Deposition: Few undersea volcanoes grow big enough to become islands but most become mountain ranges on the seafloor where the tectonic plates that make up the earth's crust spread apart and/or crash together Magma from beneath the ocean floor oozes up to form new land in the spaces where tectonic plates pull apart through a process called seafloor spreading: Volcanoes above ground spew ash and dust (in addition to lava) which settle near the volcano itself but also get picked up by the wind or are pushed far out by the force of the blast. https://geologycafe.com/index.html The ash, dust, and pieces of volcanic rock then settle and become a part of the existing landscape. The bigger the eruption, the more deposits that are added. Exploring Geosciences: B1-Geology: L1- Intro to Geology 13 Earth Formation: Geological Cycles Water & Ice Deposition: Water in the form of rivers, waves, and ice has the power to move sediment, sometimes hundreds of miles. Rivers move sediment great distances, emptying it into oceans, lakes, and even other rivers. Glaciers seem like a slow way to travel but they can pick up and move rocks and soil hundreds of kilometers away from where they started. Ocean waves are also powerful forces that shapes and transforms coasts. Waves don't strike at once https://geologycafe.com/index.html the way volcanoes and landslides can, but over time they create steep cliffs and sandy beaches. Exploring Geosciences: B1-Geology: L1- Intro to Geology 14 Earth Formation: Geological Cycles Wind & Gravity Deposition Sand dunes, landslides, and mudflows are also formed and/or caused by the process of deposition. A sand dune is the result of large amounts of sand moved by wind over time. The sheer force of gravity is enough to move sediments. The mass movement of sediments occurs rapidly through landslides of rock and soil and mudflows of rock, soil, and water. Slower mass movements of land are aptly named creeps but often involve the same types of materials. https://geologycafe.com/index.html Exploring Geosciences: B1-Geology: L1- Intro to Geology 15 Lesson 1: Earth Formation: Geological Cycles: Videos Rock Cycle: Igneous, Sedimentary, and Metamorphic Rocks https://study.com/academy/lesson/rock-cycle-igneous-sedimentary-and-metamorphic-rocks.html Earth's Internal Layers: Crust, Mantle & Core https://study.com/academy/lesson/composition-of-earths-internal-layers-crust-mantle-and-core.html What is a Deposition? - Definition & Explanation https://study.com/academy/lesson/what-is-a-deposition-definition-vapor-quiz.html Exploring Geosciences: B1-Geology: L1- Intro to Geology 16 Tectonic Plates: Continental Drift 250 Million years ago (Myr or Ma) https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/ice-age-continental-drift-2012 Today! Planète Terre website, Laval University (Pierre-André Bourque) http://www2.ggl.ulaval.ca/personnel/bourque/intro.pt/planete_terre.html Exploring Geosciences: B1-Geology: L1- Intro to Geology 17 Tectonic Plates: Wilson Cycle A Stable Crust G B Erosion and peneplation Wilson Cycle Continental Rift describes the opening and F closing of an ocean C basin by Continental Collision continental drift Oceanic Expansion https://geologycafe.com/index.html E D Exploring Geosciences: B1-Geology: L1- Intro to Geology Oceanic Closure 18 Tectonic Plates: Wilson Cycle A. The breakup of an immense continent called "supercontinent" (i.e. Pangaea) to form several A smaller continents. This break is along continental rifts B. Continental drift G B C. Formation of seas and oceans Erosion and peneplation Wilson Cycle D. Subduction of the oceanic crust beneath the describes the continents opening and closing F E. Bringing rapprochement between different continents of an ocean basin by C (decreasing the size of the oceans) continental drift F. Collision between continents, leading to the https://geologycafe.com/index.html formation of mountain ranges. This process is called D oogenesis E G. Creation of a supercontinent following the assembly of the continents Exploring Geosciences: B1-Geology: L1- Intro to Geology 19 Tectonic Plates: Continental Drift A. Beginning of a continental rift Erosion and peneplation https://geologycafe.com/index.html Planète Terre website, Laval University (Pierre-André Bourque) http://www2.ggl.ulaval.ca/personnel/bourque/intro.pt/planete_terre.html Exploring Geosciences: B1-Geology: L1- Intro to Geology 20 Tectonic Plates: Continental Drift B. Continental rift Erosion and peneplation https://geologycafe.com/index.html Planète Terre website, Laval University (Pierre-André Bourque) http://www2.ggl.ulaval.ca/personnel/bourque/intro.pt/planete_terre.html Exploring Geosciences: B1-Geology: L1- Intro to Geology 21 Tectonic Plates: Continental Drift C1. Formation of an Oceanic crust and a linear sea Erosion and peneplation Planète Terre website, Laval University (Pierre-André Bourque) http://www2.ggl.ulaval.ca/personnel/bourque/intro.pt/planete_terre.html https://geologycafe.com/index.html Exploring Geosciences: B1-Geology: L1- Intro to Geology 22 Tectonic Plates: Continental Drift C2. Formation of an Ocean of Atlantic type Erosion and peneplation Planète Terre website, Laval University (Pierre-André Bourque) http://www2.ggl.ulaval.ca/personnel/bourque/intro.pt/planete_terre.html https://geologycafe.com/index.html Exploring Geosciences: B1-Geology: L1- Intro to Geology 23 Tectonic Plates: Continental Drift D. Subduction of an oceanic crust under the continent Erosion and peneplation https://geologycafe.com/index.html Planète Terre website, Laval University (Pierre-André Bourque) http://www2.ggl.ulaval.ca/personnel/bourque/intro.pt/planete_terre.html Exploring Geosciences: B1-Geology: L1- Intro to Geology 24 Tectonic Plates: Continental Drift F. Collision between continents and formation of a mountain range Erosion and peneplation https://geologycafe.com/index.html Planète Terre website, Laval University (Pierre-André Bourque) http://www2.ggl.ulaval.ca/personnel/bourque/intro.pt/planete_terre.html