$10.00 (Free to Members) Vol. 30, Nos. 3-4 July/October 2002 FREMONTIA A JOURNAL OF THE CALIFORNIA NATIVE PLANT SOCIETY IN THIS ISSUE: INTRODUCTION by G.W. Frankie / 3 • LEPIDOPTERAN CATERPILLARS FEEDING ON CALIFORNIA NATIVE PLANTS by J.A. Powell / 5 • CYNIPID-INDUCED GALLS AND CALIFORNIA OAKS by K.N. Schick / 15 • BARK BEETLES INFESTING CALIFORNIA’S CONIFERS by D.L. Wood and A.J. Storer / 19 • BUMBLE BEES: BOISTEROUS POLLINATORS OF NATIVE CALIFORNIA FLOWERS by R.W. Thorp, P.C. Schroeder, and C.S. Ferguson / 26 • A PINNACLE OF BEES by O. Messinger and T. Griswold / 32 • NATIVE BEES, NATIVE PLANTS, AND CROP POLLINATION IN CALIFORNIA by C. Kremen, R.L. Bugg, N. Nicola, S.A. Smith, R.W. Thorp, and N.M. Williams / 41 • BEES IN BERKELEY? by G.W. Frankie, R.W. Thorp, M.H. Schindler, B. Ertter, and M. Przybylski / 50 • FARMSCAPE ECOLOGY OF A VOLUMENATIVE 30:3–4, STINK BUG JULY/OCTOBER IN THE SACRAMENTO 2002 VALLEY by L.E. Ehler, C.G. Pease, FREMONTIA and R.F. Long /1 59 • ENDANGERED PLANTS AS GUIDES FOR SAVING ENDEMIC INSECTS IN CALIFORNIA by D. Rubinoff / 62 • NOTES AND COMMENTS / 67 • BOOKS RECEIVED / 70 • BOOK REVIEW / 70 CALIFORNIA NATIVE PLANT SOCIETY FREMONTIA www.cnps.org MEMBERSHIP VOL. 30, NOS. 3–4, JULY/OCT 2002 Dues include subscriptions to Fremontia and the Bulletin. Distributed May 2003 Life . $1,000 Supporting . $75 Copyright © 2003 Benefactor . $500 Family, Group, International . $45 California Native Plant Society Patron . $250 Individual or Library . $35 Linda Ann Vorobik, Editor Plant Lover . $100 Student/Retired/Limited Income $20 Gordon W. Frankie, Convening Editor CONTACTS CHAPTER COUNCIL Bob Hass, Copy Editor CNPS Alta Peak (Tulare) . Joan Stewart Beth Hansen-Winter, Designer 1722 J Street, Suite 17 Bristlecone (Inyo-Mono) . CALIFORNIA NATIVE Sacramento, CA 95814 Stephen Ingram PLANT SOCIETY (916) 447-CNPS (2677) Channel Islands . Lynne Kada Fax: (916) 447-2727 Dorothy King Young (the Mendo- Dedicated to the Preservation of [email protected] cino/Sonoma Coast) . Lori Hubbart the California Native Flora East Bay . Tony Morosco Sacramento Office Staff: El Dorado . Amy Hoffman The California Native Plant Society Executive Director . Pamela C. Kern County . Laura Stockton (CNPS) is an organization of lay- persons and professionals united by an Muick, PhD Los Angeles/Santa Monica Mountains interest in the native plants of Cali- Membership Coordinator . Marion Halli Mason fornia, open to all. Its principal aims Millin Marin County . Bob Soost are to preserve the native flora and to Chapters & Publications . Paul Maas Milo Baker (Sonoma County) . add to the knowledge of members and Bookkeeper . John Caicchiolo Lynn Houser the public at large by monitoring rare Mojave Desert . Tim Thomas and endangered plants throughout the Monterey Bay . Rosemary Donlon Fremontia Editor . Linda Ann state; by acting to save endangered Mount Lassen . Jim Bishop areas through publicity, persuasion, Vorobik, PhD Napa Valley . Marcie Danner and on occasion, legal action; by pro- Sr. Policy Analyst . Emily viding expert testimony to government North Coast . Larry Levine Roberson bodies; and by supporting financially Orange County . Daniel Songster and otherwise the establishment of So. California Regional Botanist . Redbud (Grass Valley/Auburn) . native plant preserves. Much of this Ileene Anderson Richard Hanes work is done by volunteers through Rare Plant Botanist . Dave Tibor Riverside/San Bernardino counties . CNPS Chapters throughout the state. Vegetation Ecologist . Julie Evens Katie Barrows The Society’s educational work in- Vegetation Ecologist . Anne Klein Sacramento Valley . Jennifer Hogan cludes: publication of a quarterly jour- San Diego . Carrie Schneider San Bruno Mtn. Project Coordinator nal, Fremontia, and a quarterly Bulletin San Gabriel Mountains . Lyn McAfee which gives news and announcements Mary Petrilli San Luis Obispo . Dirk Walters of Society events and conservation Legislative Advocate .Vern Goehring Sanhedrin (Ukiah) . Chuck Williams issues. Chapters hold meetings, field Earth Share Liaison . Halli Mason trips, and plant and poster sales. Non- Santa Clara Valley . Mary Simpson members are welcome to attend. Legal Advisor . Sandy McCoy Santa Cruz County . Janell Hillman Money is provided through member Website Coordinator . Carol Witham Sequoia (Fresno) . Jeanne Larson dues and funds raised by chapter plant Bulletin Editor . Steve Tyron Shasta . Dave DuBose and poster sales. Additional donations, Sierra Foothills (Tuolumne, Cala- bequests, and memorial gifts from BOARD OF DIRECTORS veras, Mariposa) . Patrick Stone friends of the Society can assist greatly South Coast (Palos Verdes) . in carrying forward the work of the Directors: Ellen Brubaker Society. Dues and donations are tax- Carol Baird, Sue Britting, Steve deductible. Hartman, Lori Hubbart, Lynne Kada, Tahoe . Michael Hogan Betsey Landis, David L. Magney, Willis L. Jepson (Solano) . Fremontia logo (by L.A. Vorobik) reprinted Mary Shaw from The Jepson Manual, J. Hickman, Sandy McCoy, Patt McDaniel, J. Ed., 1993, with permission from the Spence McIntyre, Carol Witham Yerba Buena (San Francisco) . Jepson Herbarium, UC. © Regents of the Randy Zebell University of California. MATERIALS FOR PUBLICATION Members and others are invited to submit material for publication in Fremontia. THE COVER: Showy milkweed (Asclepias speciosa) with a male bumble bee (probably Instructions for contributors can be found on the CNPS website, www.cnps.org, Bombus vosnesenski) gathering nectar, common or can be requested from Fremontia Editor, Linda Ann Vorobik, vorobik@rock checkered beetle (probably Tri-chodes ornatus) island.com, or c/o University and Jepson Herbaria, 1001 Valley Life Sciences Bldg. resting on flower petal, and monarch butterfly larvae (Danaus plexippus) foraging on #2465, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-2465. leaves. Photograph by S. Sharnoff. Prepress by ScanArt / Printed by Craftsman Trade Press 2 FREMONTIA VOLUME 30:3–4, JULY/OCTOBER 2002 INTRODUCTION by Gordon Frankie t is well known that insects and to the development of the coevolu- hatching, larvae feed on plant tissue Iplants display a wide variety of tion concept in the 1960s. and simultaneously secrete chemi- highly predictable relationships, Insects of several orders are ca- cals that interact with plant com- such as lepidopteran caterpillars and pable of inducing gall formation in pounds to produce galls that are other larval types that feed on dif- many California native plants. In characteristic of the wasp and plant. ferent parts of plants, or the many the second article, Schick examines These complex relationships have a kinds of insects that gather nectar one group of gall inducers, the cyni- long evolutionary history dating from flowers and pollinate them. pid wasps, which commonly form back millions of years. Researchers have invested consid- galls on California oaks. Depend- Some California native insects erable time in field and laboratory ing on the wasp species, females have the reputation of killing large study to elucidate the fundamental carefully lay their eggs in specific numbers of native plants, such as biological and ecological bases of plant tissue such as leaf buds, stems, bark beetles, which cause occasional these relationships. Presented in this flower buds, or even roots. Upon die-offs of some forest tree popula- special Fremontia issue are nine ar- ticles that reflect diverse California Pale swallowtail (Papilio eurymedon) drinking nectar from flowers of western thistle native insect-plant interactions and (Cirsium occidentale). Photograph by L. Vorobik. some of the interesting history be- hind them. The volume can be divided into three sections. The first contains three articles concerned with com- mon herbivorous insects and their plant hosts. The second presents four articles on bees, which are known to be the most important insect pollinator group in Califor- nia and in many other regions of the world. The final section, which contains a strong sociobiological message, includes two articles which demonstrate the complexity of insect-plant relationships. The order Lepidoptera, con- taining moths and butterflies, is one of the largest orders of insects. In California there are about 4,500 moth species and 260 butterfly spe- cies. In the first article, Powell char- acterizes the general life cycle of lepidopterans and the many patterns of use that their larvae have with native host plants. Common uses include leaf feeding, boring in fruits and seeds, and flower feeding. Most of these relationships are beneficial when viewed in the context of an ecosystem, such as the close rela- tionship between pierid butterfly species and their mustard and le- gume host plants, which gave rise VOLUME 30:3–4, JULY/OCTOBER 2002 FREMONTIA 3 tions. Wood and Storer provide an Tropical regions, in contrast to mental species are preferred over information-packed article based on temperate areas, are well-known for exotic ornamentals by a factor of years of research that has greatly their rich flora and fauna. It is be- four. They also offer reasons why helped to characterize bark beetles coming increasingly clear, however, urbanites might want to encourage and their relationships with host that some temperate zones have bees and their host flowers in their plants in California. Although there diverse biota that are comparable yards. are 170 species of these small beetles to the tropics. Mediterranean cli- Many California environments in California, only a few of them, mates, for example,