Geographies of Age Final Report 2018-2020 This project has been funded by the KTH Centre of the Future of Places, Stockholm 1 of 82 Final report from the project Geographies of Age The text in this report has been written by the research team in the different cities of Stockholm, Zürich and Vienna. This final report is a compilation of various texts that have been produced during the project. The compilation and editing have been carried out by the project manager in Stockholm. This project has been carried out by the following members Zürich Marie Antoinette Glaser, Andrea Hagn, Liv Christensen Vienna Sabine Knierbein, Judith M. Lehner, Angelika Gabauer Stockholm Stefan Lundberg (Ed), Mats Lundström, Jing Jing The project has been funded by the Centre of the Future of Places, KTH, Stockholm 2 of 82 Content INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................... 4 RESEARCH PROJECT........................................................................................................................... 6 BACKGROUND .............................................................................................................................. 6 RESEARCH THEORY AND METHODS .................................................................................... 12 RESULTS ...................................................................................................................................... 16 MODUL 1 ...................................................................................................................................... 16 STOCKHOLM .............................................................................................................................. 16 DEMOGRAPHIC DEVELOPMENT ......................................................................................................... 16 The context ..................................................................................................................................... 16 Geographical distribution of elderly in the city of Stockholm ...................................................... 16 SWEDISH HOUSING POLICY 1920-2020 ............................................................................................. 19 EXISTING HOUSING STOCK IN STOCKHOLM ....................................................................................... 25 HOUSING CONDITIONS OF ELDERLY IN STOCKHOLM .......................................................................... 27 LIVING IN NURSING HOME ................................................................................................................ 28 CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR AGEING IN PLACE IN SWEDISH CITIES ................................... 29 ZÜRICH ........................................................................................................................................ 31 DEMOGRAPHIC DEVELOPMENT IN SWITZERLAND .............................................................................. 31 Aging in Switzerland ...................................................................................................................... 31 Persons over 80 ............................................................................................................................. 32 Distinct generations of elderly ...................................................................................................... 32 Growing number of elderly people with immigrant background ................................................. 33 DEMOGRAPHIC DEVELOPMENT IN ZÜRICH ........................................................................................ 33 Immigrant background in Zurich ................................................................................................. 34 STRUCTURE OF THE HOUSING MARKET IN SWITZERLAND AND ZÜRICH .............................................. 35 Construction periods .................................................................................................................... 35 Housing stock and tenure situation .............................................................................................. 35 Household form and size .............................................................................................................. 38 Tenant or owner ............................................................................................................................ 39 ACCESS TO THE HOUSING MARKET.................................................................................................... 40 Access to housing .......................................................................................................................... 40 Housing and living situation of people over 65 years in the city of Zürich .................................. 42 Affordability of rental housing ..................................................................................................... 42 Median taxable income in the city of Zürich ................................................................................. 42 Prevalence of poverty amongst pensioners .................................................................................. 43 Accommodation costs ................................................................................................................... 43 VIENNA ........................................................................................................................................ 45 Demographic development ........................................................................................................... 45 AUSTRIA – AN AGEING SOCIETY ....................................................................................................... 45 Challenges and opportunities for ageing in place in Austrian cities ............................................ 47 DEMOGRAPHIC DEVELOPMENT IN VIENNA........................................................................................ 47 HOUSING CONDITIONS AND ACCESS TO HOUSING IN VIENNA .............................................................. 48 Existing housing stock in Vienna ................................................................................................... 51 Housing conditions of elderly in Vienna ...................................................................................... 54 MODUL 2 ...................................................................................................................................... 56 STOCKHOLM .............................................................................................................................. 57 FARSTA A SUBURB OF STOCKHOLM ................................................................................................... 57 The inner city of Stockholm .......................................................................................................... 59 ZÜRICH ........................................................................................................................................ 63 ENCOUNTERS IN PUBLIC AND SEMI-PUBLIC SPACES WITHIN THE NEIGHBOURHOOD ............................. 64 Threshold spaces enable encounters in the immediate living environment ................................. 65 Transitory spaces enable encounters en route in the neighbourhood.......................................... 67 3 of 82 Third places enable encounters at meeting points in the neighbourhood .................................... 68 SPACES ALONE ARE NOTE ENOUGH ................................................................................................... 70 DISCUSSION AND MEASURES ............................................................................................................ 72 VIENNA ........................................................................................................................................ 73 SUMMARY: EMPIRICAL FOCUS OF PHASE 2 ........................................................................................ 73 REFLECTIONS ON RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS .......................................................................... 73 PRELIMINARY FINDINGS .................................................................................................................. 74 DISCUSSION.................................................................... ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED. ACKNOWLEDGMENT ................................................................................................................ 76 BIBLIOGRAPHY ............................................................................................................................. 78 4 of 82 Introduction KTH, together with the universities ETH in Zürich and TU in Vienna, have during 2018 and 2020, been conducting research collaboration about old people and the city. The background is the demographic changes in the world. The overall question is “what kind of new need does the cities have to fulfil and how? At the beginning of the 19th century the life expectancy in England was 36 years, in 1900 it was 48 years (Fogel, 2004) and today it is 79 years for men and 83 years for women (O. f. N. Statistics, 2019). The fact that more and more people are living long lives, mainly in the western world, is a great development and success for society's living conditions. This is mainly due to better food, health care and medical development. But at the