Downloaded by [University of South Australia] at 07:14 07 May 2017 Representing Multiculturalism in Comics and Graphic Novels Multiculturalism, and its representation, has long presented challenges for the medium of comics. This book presents a wide-ranging survey of the ways in which comics have dealt with the diversity of creators and characters and the (lack of) visibility for characters who don’t conform to particu- lar cultural stereotypes. Contributors engage with ethnicity and other cul- tural forms from Israel, Romania, North America, South Africa, Spain, U.S. Latino culture and Canada and consider the ways in which comics are able to represent multiculturalism through a focus on the formal elements of the medium. Discussion themes include education, countercultures, monstros- ity, the notion of the “other,” anthropomorphism and colonialism. Taking a truly international perspective, the book brings into dialogue a broad range of comics traditions. Carolene Ayaka has a doctorate in social policy from the University of Chichester. She did her MA in gender studies and diversity at the University of Bradford. Her main area of interest is identity; how it is theorised and presented as well as its negotiations and diverseness (thus far having mainly focused on African female identity). Her interest in comics stems from her enjoyment of exploring how they are used to represent and translate people’s everyday lives and imagined lives. Ian Hague is the director of Comics Forum (http://comicsforum.org), an academic organization that promotes the study of comics and related forms. He is the author of Comics and the Senses: A Multisensory Approach to Comics and Graphic Novels (Routledge 2014) as well as various articles and Downloaded by [University of South Australia] at 07:14 07 May 2017 reviews, and he holds a PhD from the University of Chichester. He can be found online at www.ianhague.com and on Twitter @drianhague. Routledge Research in Cultural and Media Studies For a full list of titles in this series, please visit www.routledge.com 38 Global Perspectives on Tarzan 44 Generation X Goes Global From King of the Jungle to Mapping a Youth Culture in Motion International Icon Christine Henseler Edited by Annette Wannamaker and Michelle Ann Abate 45 Forensic Science in Contemporary American 39 Studying Mobile Media Popular Culture Cultural Technologies, Mobile Gender, Crime, and Science Communication, and the iPhone Lindsay Steenberg Edited by Larissa Hjorth, Jean Burgess, and Ingrid 46 Moral Panics, Social Fears, and Richardson the Media Historical Perspectives 40 Sport Beyond Television Edited by Siân Nicholas and The Internet, Digital Media and the Tom O’Malley Rise of Networked Media Sport Brett Hutchins and David Rowe 47 De-convergence in Global Media Industries 41 Cultural Technologies Dal Yong Jin The Shaping of Culture in Media and Society 48 Performing Memory in Art and Edited by Göran Bolin Popular Culture Edited by Liedeke Plate and 42 Violence and the Pornographic Anneke Smelik Imaginary Downloaded by [University of South Australia] at 07:14 07 May 2017 The Politics of Sex, Gender, 49 Reading Beyond the Book and Aggression in Hardcore The Social Practices of Pornography Contemporary Literary Culture Natalie Purcell Danielle Fuller and DeNel Rehberg Sedo 43 Ambiguities of Activism Alter-Globalism and the 50 A Social History of Contemporary Imperatives of Speed Democratic Media Ingrid M. Hoofd Jesse Drew 51 Digital Media Sport 60 Radio’s Digital Dilemma Technology, Power and Culture in Broadcasting in the Twenty-First the Network Society Century Edited by Brett Hutchins and John Nathan Anderson David Rowe 61 Documentary’s Awkward Turn 52 Barthes’ Mythologies Today Cringe Comedy and Media Readings of Contemporary Culture Spectatorship Edited by Pete Bennett and Jason Middleton Julian McDougall 62 Serialization in Popular 53 Beauty, Violence, Representation Culture Edited by Lisa A. Dickson and Edited by Rob Allen and Maryna Romanets Thijs van den Berg 54 Public Media Management for the Twenty-First Century 63 Gender and Humor Creativity, Innovation, and Interdisciplinary and International Interaction Perspectives Edited by Michał Głowacki and Edited by Delia Chiaro and Lizzie Jackson Raffaella Baccolini 55 Transnational Horror Across 64 Studies of Video Practices Visual Media Video at Work Fragmented Bodies Edited by Mathias Broth, Eric Edited by Dana Och and Laurier, and Lorenza Mondada Kirsten Strayer 65 The Memory of Sound 56 International Perspectives on Preserving the Sonic Past Chicana/o Studies Seán Street “This World is My Place” Edited by Catherine Leen and 66 American Representations of Niamh Thornton Post-Communism Television, Travel Sites, and 57 Comics and the Senses Post-Cold War Narratives A Multisensory Approach to Andaluna Borcila Comics and Graphic Novels Ian Hague 67 Media and the Ecological Downloaded by [University of South Australia] at 07:14 07 May 2017 58 Popular Culture in Africa Crisis The Episteme of the Everyday Edited by Richard Maxwell, Edited by Stephanie Newell and Jon Raundalen, and Nina Onookome Okome Lager Vestberg 59 Transgender Experience 68 Representing Multiculturalism Place, Ethnicity, and Visibility in Comics and Graphic Novels Edited by Chantal Zabus and Edited by Carolene Ayaka and David Coad Ian Hague This page intentionally left blank Downloaded by [University of South Australia] at 07:14 07 May 2017 Representing Multiculturalism in Comics and Graphic Novels Edited by Carolene Ayaka and Ian Hague Downloaded by [University of South Australia] at 07:14 07 May 2017 First published 2015 by Routledge 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017 and by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2015 Taylor & Francis The right of the editors to be identified as the author of the editorial material, and of the authors for their individual chapters, has been asserted in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Representing multiculturalism in comics and graphic novels / edited by Carolene Ayaka and Ian Hague. pages cm. — (Routledge research in cultural and media studies) Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Comic books, strips, etc.—History and criticism. 2. Graphic novels—History and criticism. 3. Multiculturalism in literature. I. Ayaka, Carolene, editor. II. Hague, Ian, 1986– editor. PN6710.R387 2014 741.5′9—dc23 2014026404 ISBN: 978-1-138-02515-8 (hbk) ISBN: 978-1-315-77534-0 (ebk) Typeset in Sabon by Apex CoVantage, LLC Downloaded by [University of South Australia] at 07:14 07 May 2017 Contents List of Illustrations xi Acknowledgements xv Introduction: Representing Multiculturalism in Comics and Graphic Novels 1 CAROLENE AYAKA AND IAN HAGUE PART I Histories and Contexts 1 Multiculturalism Meets the Counterculture: Representing Racial Difference in Robert Crumb’s Underground Comix 19 COREY K. CREEKMUR 2 The Impact of Latino Identities and the Humanizing of Multiculturalism in Love and Rockets 34 ANA MERINO 3 The Presidential Penis: Questions of Race and Representation in South African Comic and Satirical Art 49 ANDY MASON Downloaded by [University of South Australia] at 07:14 07 May 2017 PART II Depicting Difference 4 Recognition and Resemblance: Facture, Imagination and Ideology in Depictions of Cultural and National Difference 69 SIMON GRENNAN 5 “Badgers? We don’t need no steenkin’ badgers!” Talbot’s Grandville, Anthropomorphism and Multiculturalism 83 MEL GIBSON viii Contents 6 The Image of the Foreigner in Historical Romanian Comics under Ceauşescu’s Dictatorship 96 MIHAELA PRECUP PART III Monstrosity and Otherness 7 The Monster Within and Without: Spanish Comics, Monstrosity, Religion, and Alterity 113 SARAH D. HARRIS 8 Colonialist Heroes and Monstrous Others: Stereotype and Narrative Form in British Adventure Comic Books 130 IAN HORTON 9 Set Pieces: Cultural Appropriation and the Search for Contemporary Identities in Shōnen Manga 146 JACOB BIRKEN PART IV Challenging Assumptions 10 Narrative Exploration against Mentality Issues: Indirect Education for Multiculturalism in Tintin 163 MARIA-SABINA DRAGA ALEXANDRU 11 Embracing Childish Perspective: Rutu Modan’s A Royal Banquet with the Queen 177 LILY GLASNER PART V Case Studies 12 An Innocent at Home: Scott Pilgrim and His Canadian Downloaded by [University of South Australia] at 07:14 07 May 2017 Multicultural Contexts 197 BRENNA CLARKE GRAY AND PETER WILKINS 13 The Lower East Side as Mishmash of Jewish Women’s Multicultural Images in Leela Corman’s Unterzakhn 212 DANA MIHĂILESCU Contents ix 14 They All Look Alike? Representations of East Asian Americans in Adrian Tomine’s Shortcomings and Scenes from an Impending Marriage 228 EMMA OKI 15 Tulips and Roses in a Global Garden: Speaking Local Identities in Persepolis and Tekkon Kinkreet 240 ALEX LINK Contributors 257 Index 263 Downloaded by [University of South Australia] at 07:14 07 May 2017 This page intentionally left blank Downloaded by [University of South Australia] at 07:14 07 May 2017 Illustrations 2.1 Hernández, Jaime. Ten Years of Love and Rockets. Seattle: Fantagraphics Books, 1992, p.7. Copyright © 2014 Jaime Hernandez, courtesy of Fantagraphics Books. 44 2.2 Hernández, Jaime. Love and Rockets n.1. Seattle: Fantagraphics Books, 2001, p.5. Copyright © 2014 Jaime Hernandez, courtesy of Fantagraphics Books. 45 3.1 Zapiro, “The Rape of Lady Justice”, cartoon, Sunday Times , September 7, 2008. Image used with the permission of the artist. 56 3.2 Brett Murray, The Spear , 2011. Acrylic on canvas, 185 × 140 cm.