Transition Technologies for Electrification and Optimisation of Bus Transport Systems

Transition Technologies for Electrification and Optimisation of Bus Transport Systems

Transition Technologies for Electrification and Optimisation of Bus Transport Systems The C40-city of Curitiba in Brazil DENNIS DREIER Doctoral Thesis (2020) KTH Royal Institute of Technology School of Industrial Engineering and Management Department of Energy Technology Division of Energy Systems SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden ISBN: 978-91-7873-487-0 TRITA: TRITA-ITM-AVL 2020:14 © Dennis Dreier, 2020 ORCID iD: 0000-0002-0437-2093 Tryck: US-AB, Stockholm, Sweden Akademisk avhandling som med tillstånd av KTH (Kungliga Tekniska högskolan) i Stockholm framlägges till offentlig granskning för avläggande av teknisk doktorsexamen tisdagen den 5 maj 2020 kl. 10:00 i sal Green Room, Osquars backe 31, KTHB, KTH Campus, Stockholm, Sverige. Avhandlingen försvaras på engelska. This doctoral thesis should be cited as follows: Dreier, D., 2020. Transition Technologies for Electrification and Optimisation of Bus Transport Systems. Doctoral Thesis. KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden. ABSTRACT The topical issue of climate change has increasingly become important as scenarios indicate an increase of 2.5–7.8°C in the global mean temperature by the end of this century, if no greenhouse gas emissions are reduced. The transport sector depends strongly on fossil fuels and has been therefore considered as one key sector concerning climate change mitigation. In this regard, a key role is played by cities, since progressing urbanisation will presumably lead to a higher demand for urban transport. This doctoral thesis addresses the transition phase of public bus transport systems by exploring electrification as a vector for decarbonisation. The C40-city of Curitiba in Southern Brazil is used as a case study. The research is of explorative and empirical nature. Quantitative research methods are applied to compare bus technologies as well as new optimisation models and planning tools are developed to support data analytics and research in the areas of simulation, optimisation and (long-term) planning of energy and transport systems at different levels of consideration. The results from the comparison of different buses show large potentials to save energy and reduce emissions during the operation phase, for example, when using hybrid-electric or plug-in hybrid-electric buses instead of conventional buses. Moreover, energy savings in the operation phase also imply avoidance of fuel production and supply. Additionally, electrified buses can also reduce operational uncertainty caused by varying driving cycles and fluctuating fuel prices concerning an absolute variation of both energy use and fuel cost in the operation phase. A real-time optimisation model was developed, and its concept tested to estimate potentials for energy savings and all-electric operation from the operational optimisation of a plug-in hybrid- electric bus fleet. Different management strategies were simulated concerning the charging schedule and all-electric operation of the bus fleet. While energy savings can be significantly increased through a structural change towards more electrified buses, a large potential to increase the total all-electric operation of the bus fleet was estimated through operational optimisation. Consequently, both a structural change and operational optimisation should be jointly applied to maximise the benefits gained from electrification in a bus transport system. The software system OSeMOSYS-PuLP was developed for empirical deterministic-stochastic modelling based on the OSeMOSYS modelling framework, which enables the use of a Monte Carlo simulation. The open source design of the tool shall enhance transparency and trustworthiness in studies. It is transferable to many cases and enables analysts and researchers to generate new sets of conclusions together with associated probability distributions considering the use of real-world datasets, e.g. from open data initiatives as the one in Curitiba. In summary, the research findings, applied methods and developed tools can be used to support and inform analysts and decision-makers in the area of transport and energy systems planning in data-driven decision-making processes to develop and assess different technological options and strategies at different levels while considering associated uncertainties. Keywords Bus transport system; C40; Decarbonization; Electrification; GHG; Optimization; OSeMOSYS- PuLP; Plug-in hybrid-electric; Systems analysis; Transformation SAMMANFATTNING Den aktuella frågan om klimatförändringar har blivit allt viktigare eftersom scenarier indikerar en ökning med 2,5–7,8°C i den globala medeltemperaturen i slutet av detta århundrade, om inga utsläpp av växthusgaser minskar. Transportsektorn är starkt beroende av fossila bränslen och har därför betraktats som en nyckelsektor när det gäller att minska klimatförändringarna. I detta avseende spelar städer en nyckelroll, eftersom en framtida urbanisering förmodligen kommer att leda till en ökad efterfrågan på stadstrafik. Denna doktorsavhandling behandlar övergångsfasen för kollektivtrafiksystem genom att utforska elektrifiering som en vektor för koldioxidminskning. C40-staden Curitiba i södra Brasilien används som fallstudie. Forskningen är av utforskande och empirisk karaktär. Kvantitativa forskningsmetoder används för att jämföra bussteknologier samt nya optimeringsmodeller och planeringsverktyg utvecklas för att stödja dataanalys och forskning inom områdena simulering, optimering och (långsiktig) planering av energi- och transportsystem på olika nivåer av övervägande. Resultaten från jämförelsen av olika bussar visar stora möjligheter att spara energi och minska utsläppen under driftsfasen, till exempel när man använder hybrid-elektriska eller laddhybrid- elektriska bussar istället för konventionella bussar. Dessutom innebär energibesparingar i driftsfasen också undvikande av bränsleproduktion och -försörjning. Dessutom kan elektrifierade bussar också minska driftosäkerheten orsakad av varierande körcykler och fluktuerande bränslepriser beträffande en variation av både energianvändning och bränslekostnader i driftsfasen. En realtidsoptimeringsmodell utvecklades och dess koncept testades för att uppskatta potentialen för energibesparingar och helelektrisk drift från driftsoptimering av en laddhybrid- elektrisk bussflotta. Olika förvaltningsstrategier simulerades beträffande laddningsschemat och elektrisk drift av bussflottan. Medan energibesparingar kan ökas betydligt genom en strukturell förändring mot mer elektrifierade bussar, uppskattades en stor potential för att öka den totala elektriska driften av bussflottan genom driftsoptimering. Följaktligen bör både en strukturell förändring och driftsoptimering tillämpas gemensamt för att maximera fördelarna från elektrifiering i ett busstransportsystem. Programvarusystemet OSeMOSYS-PuLP utvecklades för empirisk deterministisk-stokastisk modellering baserat på OSeMOSYS-modelleringsramverket, vilket möjliggör användning av en Monte Carlo simulering. Den öppna källkods-designen av verktyget ska öka insynen och pålitligheten i studier. Det kan överföras till många fall och gör det möjligt för analytiker och forskare att generera nya slutsatser tillsammans med tillhörande sannolikhetsfördelningar med tanke på användningen av verklig data, t.ex. från öppna datainitiativ som i Curitiba. Sammanfattningsvis kan forskningsresultaten, tillämpade metoder och utvecklade verktyg användas för att stödja och informera analytiker och beslutsfattare inom området transport och energisystemplanering i datadrivna beslutsprocesser för att utveckla och utvärdera olika tekniska alternativ och strategier på olika nivåer med hänsyn till tillhörande osäkerheter. Nyckelord Busstransportsysstem; C40; Elektrifiering; Koldioxidminskning; Laddhybrid; Optimering; OSeMOSYS-PuLP; Systemanalys; Transformation; Växthusgaser ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This doctoral thesis is the product of dedicated research work that was supported by many individuals whom I would like to express my deepest gratitude in the following. First of all, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my long-time principal PhD advisor Prof. Mark Howells who has inspired me since my master’s studies at KTH. Thank you, Mark, for your trust, guidance, motivation and our fruitful discussions. Your outstanding expertise and knowledge of energy systems analysis inspired me, shaped my research and made this thesis possible. I wish you all the best and an exciting time in the UK. I would also like to express my thanks to Prof. Viktoria Martin who became my new principal PhD advisor recently — after Prof. Mark Howells moved abroad — to support me during the final steps of my PhD studies. Thank you, Viktoria, for your distinct commitment. I would like to thank my assistant PhD advisor Prof. Dilip Khatiwada who has supported me since my master’s studies at KTH. Thank you, Dilip, for sharing your expertise and valuable feedback throughout my PhD studies. It has been a valuable experience to meet and learn from you. I would further like to thank my other assistant PhD advisor Prof. William Usher who joint the advisory team in the final stage of my PhD studies. Thank you, Will, for your valuable feedback and support in the preparation of this thesis and organisation of the PhD defence. The major part of the research work was carried out in the three-year project Smart city concepts in Curitiba — innovation for sustainable mobility and energy efficiency between Sweden and Brazil. Special thanks are directed to the funding agency VINNOVA (Governmental Agency

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