Ex Post Facto Journal of the History Students at San Francisco State University Volume XXVII 2018 Ex Post Facto is published annually by the students of the Department of History at San Francisco State University and members of the Kappa Phi Chapter of Phi Alpha Theta, the national history honors society. All views of fact or opinion are the sole responsibility of the authors and may not reflect the views of the editorial staff. Questions or comments may be directed to Ex Post Facto, Department of History, San Francisco State University, 1600 Holloway Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94132. Contact us via email at [email protected]. The Journal is published online at http:/history.sfsu.edu/content/ ex-post-facto-history-journal. The Ex Post Facto editorial board gratefully acknowledges the funding provided by the Instructionally Related Activities Committee at San Francisco State University. The board also wishes to thank Dr. Eva Sheppard Wolf for her continuing confidence and support and all of those professors of San Francisco State University History Department who have not only trained, but encouraged students in the art of history inquest, empowering them to write the excellent scholarship included in this publication. We would also like to thank the authors who have allowed us to share their work with our readership and the academic community-at-large. Ownership of the papers is retained by the authors and may be submitted for publication elsewhere. Authorization has been granted by the authors for us of papers in both printed publication of Ex Post Facto and the website. © Copyright San Francisco State University 2018 Ego postulo inspirationem tua O Dea Clio Letter from the Managing Editors It is with great pleasure that we present the 27th edition of Ex Post Facto. The present volume contains papers that span many different eras, regions, and subjects. The unifying thread for these articles is that they all engage in a revision of traditional historical narratives in their respective fields or investigate the untold stories of the subaltern. We have included, for the first time, a graphic history piece to showcase a different way of telling history. We similarly decided on a rather modern cover design that was a departure from previous volumes and that could reflect the different topics contained within this volume accurately. We owe a special recognition to Oscar Rivas and Dr. Joshua Singer from the Design Department at SFSU for graciously offering their time and creative energies to design this innovative cover. We would like to thank all the authors who submitted papers for the journal. Likewise, we are indebted to our hardworking editorial staff. We would not have been able to publish this volume without these valuable contributions by both parties. Many thanks to last years editing staff for continuously being readily available to answer our many questions. Our greatest gratitude goes out to Dr. Eva Sheppard Wolf for her wise guidance and Sheri Kennedy for her unwavering support and intricate knowledge of the complexities of the university system. Lastly, we would like to thank our professors, peers, administrative staff, friends and family, and everyone who has ever inspired and guided us during our study of history. May the history students at SFSU forever keep this special and empowering tradition that is Ex Post Facto. We hope you enjoy this volume, Danielle Dybbro Javier Etchegaray Ex Post Facto 2017-2018 Editors Managing Editors Danielle Dybbro Javier Etchegaray Senior Editors Robert Larsen Alesha Sohler Gina Matteo Julie Van den Hout Scott Pribble Brian Williams Junior Editors Fall Semester Spring Semester Sophia Díaz-Muca Cécile Breault Victoria Fremont Nicholas Kos Emma Gajewski Keegan Medrano Michael Hephner Joshua Miyashiro Zach Kopowski Chad Smith Rebeca Mayén Alexander Thomas Jordan Pituley Table of Contents The War that Shaped Me Nicole Miller . 8-16 Polish Succession Struggles of the 10th-12th Centuries: The Context for the Testament of Boleslaw III Jordan Pituley . 19-35 Undergraduate Winner of the Joseph Mullins Prize in History Students Under attack: A Critical History of the 1968 Student Strike at San Francisco State University Amanda Zepeda . 37-59 Social Change and Development in the Second World War on the American Home Front Alesha Sohler . 61-77 Generations of Love: The Homoeroticism of Phillip II and Alexander III Kevin Bogzaran. 79-93 Crushing Armor and Bones: A Review of the Potential of War Elephants in the Hellenistic Period David Hlusak. 95-111 Soundscapes of the Khmer Rouge Labor Camp Scott Pribble . 113-138 Graduate Winner of the Joseph Mullins Prize in History Khamene’i and Al-e Ahmad: Roots of the Islamic Republic’s Fear of Western Culture Kiarash Mosayeri . 141-158 Flushing Unions Down the Drain Michael Hephner . 161-173 Bismarck and the European Order: A Diplomatic Legacy Miles Theodore Popplewell . 175-196 A City of Palaces Rising in the Midst of Marshes: Imperial Petersburg’s Soundscape, 1703-1881 Peter Garcia . 199-220 Dedicado a mi mamá y abuela Maria 10 Nicole Miller INTRODUCTION The ite States as aye ominantly owerfu rol in entiret Nor and uth erican ntinent inc European discovery of the ‘New World’ in the 15th century nce Spanish mpire ned ontrol South nd ntral merica the eventually er as a ns to ide goods fo thei country rou agricultur and velopment working ss fro igrant ughout the mericas. wever, Cent Americ ignific stu U.S ucatio system, usi American ver ittle, anything, t reg wor egativ tig pla head tho migrat the egion the normalization erceiving mmigratio fro the in ericas fore invade lvador ic cordin Walter LaFeber was the world’s fifth worst-fe country until earl 980 Unit tes depende coffe rad arket from lan tha the vilian fough or. eturn, U.S. provide ilitar aid ountry.1 Th ollowing rap biograp the efu vadora ivi h perien similatin acculturin se America society rry wit rau hic ntr merica typical hav extremely fficu tim opi wi out ar o aranoi dialog ase tervie her, nd ord outside er wn ve en ded. igh of t ece ACA reamer empora Protec Status removal ducate ass mmigration rapidl becomin ire 1 Walte Feber, Inevitabl evolutions Th ites States i ntra erica (Ne Yok W. Norto Company, 983) 10. THE WAR THAT SHAPED ME 11 INTRODUCTION The ite States as aye ominantly owerfu rol in entiret Nor and uth erican ntinent inc European discovery of the ‘New World’ in the 15th century nce Spanish mpire ned ontrol South nd ntral merica the eventually er as a ns to ide goods fo thei country rou agricultur and velopment working ss fro igrant ughout the mericas. wever, Cent Americ ignific stu U.S ucatio system, usi American ver ittle, anything, t reg wor egativ tig pla head tho migrat the egion the normalization erceiving mmigratio fro the in ericas fore invade lvador ic cordin Walter LaFeber was the world’s fifth worst-fe country until earl 980 Unit tes depende coffe rad arket from lan tha the vilian fough or. eturn, U.S. provide ilitar aid ountry.1 Th ollowing rap biograp the efu vadora ivi h perien similatin acculturin se America society rry wit rau hic ntr merica typical hav extremely fficu tim opi wi out ar o aranoi dialog ase tervie her, nd ord outside er wn ve en ded. igh of t ece ACA reamer empora Protec Status removal ducate ass mmigration rapidl becomin ire 1 Walte Feber, Inevitabl evolutions Th ites States i ntra erica (Ne Yok W. Norto Company, 983) 10. 1 12 Nicole Miller 2 THE WAR THAT SHAPED ME 13 3 14 Nicole Miller 4 THE WAR THAT SHAPED ME 15 16 Nicole Miller THE WAR THAT SHAPED ME 17 Polish Succession Struggles of the 10th - 12th Centuries The Context for the Testament of Boleslaw III Undergraduate Winner of the Joseph Mullins Prize in History Jordan Pituley When the Duke of Poland, Boleslaw III, died in 1138, he left a testament that divided his country between his five sons and created a political division in Poland known as the “feudal disintegration” that would last for almost 200 years and result in the loss of much Polish territory to the neighboring Bohemians and Germans. Later chroniclers and modern scholars have been critical of Boleslaw for this decision. The Polish chronicler Jan Dlugosz, writing in the 15th century, described the results of the feudal disintegration: “Thus is Poland torn into parts, so that, when in course of time, disputes arise between the dukes, Poland will take up arms against herself; arms meant to be used against an enemy will be thrust into Polish guts and, in the madness of anger, swords will be drawn to maim Polish limbs and bodies.”1 This assertion can be taken as emblematic of what the attitude has been towards Boleslaw’s testament in the years since. In the Historical Dictionary of Poland, compiled by George J. Lerski, the assessment given of Boleslaw’s testament is that its ultimate effect was to “turn Poland from a relatively strong state into a conglomerate of weak principalities.”2 Chroniclers like Dlugosz as well as modern historians have portrayed Boleslaw’s decision as resulting in an inevitably fragmented and 1. Jan Długosz and Maurice Michael, The Annals of Jan Długosz: An English Abridgement (Annales Seu Cronicae Incliti Regni Poloniae). (Charlton, West Sussex: IM Publications, 1997), 107. 2. George J. Lerski, Historical Dictionary of Poland, 966-1945 (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1996), 44. 20 Jordan Pituley conflict-ridden Poland,3 but it is far from clear that this would have been Boleslaw’s understanding. There are reasons to believe that Boleslaw may not have expected this long-term political division of Poland to be the result of his testament and that allowing a civil war to break out between his sons without attempting to prevent it would have appeared the worse alternative.