Notes on Wabash River Steamboating: Early Lafayette Ekanore A. Cammuck* The first Steamboat that ever entered the Wabash came to Lafayette in 1826. The citizens were seized with wonder, and not sooner was the plank thrown ashore than she was boarded by all who could crowd on her. When she was made iast the engineer let off steam, the noise of which led all to think she had bursted, when every last man jumped overboard and made for shore as fast as his half drowning state would permit them.’ Immediately following the War of 1812 an internal improvement party sprang up all over the United States. The need for an improved system of transportation was great, for farmers had no adequate method of transporting their surplus products to markets. Every state was busy with a “System.” Logan Esarey wrote that from 1817 to 1827 “the ‘System’ was the commonest subject of discussion. No one knew exactly what was meant by the ‘System,’ but it was felt that as soon as possible the State by some means or other, would construct some kind of a system of transportation ‘that would answer the needs of the people.”2 New York was among the first of the states to feel this need of a system of transportation and in 1817 started a canal to Lake Erie. Later, this line was extended in Indiana from Fort Wayne to Lafayette to Evansville, by the Wabash and Erie Canal. Although the people of the state of Indiana were united in the proposal to improve the state’s internal system of roads and rivers, a division of energies existed. Two factions arose: One favored New York City as the best market for its goods; the other looked to New Orleans as the leading city to receive the state’s produce. Even after the Wabash and Erie Canal was built, one route for shipping produce was down the Wabash River to the larger rivers and on ‘to New Orleans. From there to New York, transportation was comparatively Eleanore A. Cammack is Order Librarian and Assistant Professor, Libraries, Purdue University. 1 G. W. Hawes, Lafayette City Directmy, 1858-1859 (Lafayette, 1858), 115. 2Logan Esarey, History of Indiana (Sd ed.; 2 vols., Fort Wayne, 1924), I, 401. 36 Indiana Magazine of History easy. E. J. Benton writes of this route : “In 1836 the cheapest freight route from New York into southern Indiana was by New Orleans and the rivers. The canal boards adjusted their tolls so as to meet the river rates.”$ The settlers in the region of the Wabash River had high hopes for making the river a very useful thoroughfare for shipping. They found it hazardous, however, because of snags, sunken logs, sand bars, and rocky rapids. The first survey undertaken to ascertain these obstructions and consider their removal was carried out on state appropriations by William Polke and Thomas S. Hinde, river commissioners, in 1823, at the request of the governors of Indiana and Illinois. The river was examined for fifteen miles above and below the Grand Rapids, which were just below Vincennes. In a beautifully handwritten document the commissioners urged the improve- ment of the navigation of the river from the “mouth to the source.” With “inconsiderable expenditure,” they believed, the river could be made navigable to the portage point, Hunt- ington. A canal built from Fort Wayne to Huntington, then, would open a waterway directly from Lake Erie, and the “Western country” generally would be benefited. In conclusion the commissioners wrote: “It most evidently appears to be the natural route for connecting the waters of Lake Erie and of the Ohio river.”’ The estimate of the “inconsiderable expenditure” was between $25,000 and $35,400, and was considered beyond the means of the two states at this time. No appropriation, there- fore, was made.6 The cry from New York and Indiana for an extension of the Erie Canal was so great in the early 1820’s that in March, 1827, the federal government donated “a strip of land one- half of five sections wideftDto Indiana, provided it would start the actual digging for the canal by 1832. Early in ‘that year the digging of the Wabash and Erie Canal was begun. The 8E. J. Benton, “The Wabash Trade Route in the Development of the Old Northwest,” Johns Hopkins University Studies in History and Political Science (Baltimore, 1883- ), XXI (1903), 105. 4 William Polke and Thomas S. Hinde, Survey Report to Governors of Indiana and Illinois, 1823 Indiana State Library, Indianapolis. In this survey the commissioners siso report on surveying sites for two canals, one on either side of the river, one each for Illinois and Indiana. 5 Lafayette Free Press & Commercial Advertiser, April 8, 1836. 6 A section of land contains 640 acres (one square mile) ; the federal government gave Indiana 1600 acres. Notes on Wabash River Steamboating 37 first section, from Fort Wayne to Huntington, thirty-two miles, was opened with celebration on July 4, 1835.7 The settlers of Tippecanoe County in their internal im- provement plans talked at length during those early years of proposing Lafayette for a port of entry; therefore, a “me- morial and joint resolution of the Legislature of the state of Indiana, relative to the propriety of declaring Lafayette on the Wabash river, a port of entry” was sent to the state legislature late in 1834. The bill requested that Lafayette be made a port of entry because it was advantageously situated in one of the most fertile parts of the western country; the river could be made navigable, so the report read, for the entire year; and by making this city a port, the state would be complying with the Northwest Ordinance, which declared that “the navigable waters leading into the Mississippi and St. Lawrence . shall be common highways and forever free.”* The bill, which included a request for federal appropriations to improve the navigation of the river, was approved by the legislature on December 31, 1834; Senator John Tipton soon presented it to Congress. Both houses approved it, but President Jackson vetoed the measure. In the second survey of the Wabash, presented to Cong- ress in 1834, is an excellent description of the river: “The Committee on Roads and Canals, to whom was referred ‘A bill to improve the navigation of the Wabash river,’ beg leave to report: . The Wabash river, thirty miles westwardly of Fort Wayne, becomes a considerable stream, and previously uniting with the Salamania, the Mississiniway, and numerous other small streams, it forms a junction with Eel river at Logansport, and there exhibits the appearance of a large and noble river. From this point, however, to the mouth of Tippe- canoe, it is rough and rapid, and the navigation obstructed by rocks and bars. The mouth of the Tippecanoe river is con- sidered the head of steamboat navigation, as it is also the western termination of the Wabash and Erie canal, though steamboats have frequently ascended a few miles higher up, and in one instance, as high up as Logansport, at the mouth of Eel. From the mouth of Tippecanoe to its juncture with 7 Esarey, Historg of Indiana, I, 408. 8 Laws of a Local Nature, Passed and Published at the Nineteenth Seasion of the General Assembly of the State of’Indiana, 11834-18353, Chapter XXVII, 280. 38 Indiana Magazine of History the Ohio river, is a distance of more than 500 miles by the river. Above Vincennes the navigation is not materially ob- structed, except in times of very low water, when there are many sand bars, lodgments of drift wood, snags, and sunken logs to be encountered; and for about four months in each year, except for very small boats and craft, it cannot, in its present condition, be said to be navigable at all. The chief obstructions however, and the dangerous obstructions, are to be found below Vincennes, where the river has great size and much power, and rushes with tremendous force and velocity through rapids obstructed by rocks, and islands, and crooked channels. A region of river here, chiefly above the mouth of White river, of 15 or 20 miles in extent, is that which presents the greatest obstacle to its navigation. These ob- structions consist of ripples, eight or nine in number, and create in various pIaces of the river, difficult and dangerous navigation, in all not exceeding three miles. The Grand rapids, which are the most difficult and extensive of these, and where the river has its. greatest width, has two and a half feet depth at low water; and at this place the obstructions are in length about three quarters of a mile. “No river of the west, in proportion to its size, is con- nected with a country so generally and so extensively fertile. Its lands are proverbial for their fertility. The villages on its banks have already become large and prospemus, and the quantity of produce borne upon it to the Orleans market, considering the newness of the country, exceeds that of any other of the secondary rivers of the west. It is indeed the largest tributary of the Ohio, and certainly in many respects, the most important one. .” Concerning the river’s export trade the report states: “In the year 1828, between twelve md fifteen hundred flat boats descended the Wabash and White rivers from the country above Mount Carmel, all bound for a southern market; and the annual increase of this trade has been estimated at thirty-three and a third per cent, from the year 1820 to the present time.