Revision of the South American wasp genus Alophophion Cushman, 1947 (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae: Ophioninae) BY MABEL ALVARADO GUTIERREZ Submitted to the graduate degree program in the Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology and the Graduate Faculty of the University of Kansas in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts. ________________________________ Chairperson: Caroline S. Chaboo ________________________________ Michael Engel ________________________________ Kirsten Jensen Date approved: Monday, May 13, 2013 The Thesis Committee for MABEL ALVARADO GUTIERREZ certifies that this is the approved version of the following thesis: Revision of the South American wasp genus Alophophion Cushman, 1947 (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae: Ophioninae) ________________________________ Chairperson: Caroline S. Chaboo Date approved: Monday, May 13, 2013 ii ABSTRACT The species of the strictly Neotropical ophionine wasp genus Alophophion Cushman, 1947 are revised. New descriptions of all previously named species are provided, except Alophophion holosericeus (Taschenberg, 1875) for which the type series is lost and the name is herein considered a nomen dubium. The female of A. flavorufus is described for the first time. Four informal species groups are proposed based on the morphology of the mandibles, development of the malar space, and general proportions of the head (i.e., development of the face and gena). Whereas the genus previously included only seven named species, it is here expanded to include 44 species (not including the aforementioned nomen dubium), 38 of which are newly discovered and described and thereby increasing the diversity by over seven times. Alophophion now includes the following species groups and species: species-group A [A. new species 1, A. new species 2, A. new species 3, A. new species 4, A. new species 5, A. new species 6, A. new species 7, A. new species 8, A. new species 9, A. new species 10, A. new species 11, A. new species 12, A. new species 13, A. new species 14, A. new species 15, A. new species 16, A. new species 17], species-group B [A. filicornis (Morley, 1912), A. flavorufus (Brullé, 1846), A. politus (Morley, 1912), A. new species 18, A. new species 19, A. new species 20], species-group C [A. chilensis (Spinola, 1851), A. porculatus (Morley, 1912) and A. larseni (Enderlein, 1912), A. new species 21, A. new species 22, A. new species 23, A. new species 24, A. new species 25, A. new species 26, A. new species 27, A. new species 28, A. new species 29, A. new species 30, A. new species 31, A. new species 32, A. new species 33, A. new species 34, A. new species 35, A. new species 36], and species-group D [A. new species 37, A. new species 38]. A key to the four species groups and their included species is provided. Alophophion is confined to cold and/or dry areas of subequatorial South America, with a sole exception of Alophophion new species 1 which occurs in Marcapara, Peru. The genus is newly recorded from Bolivia and Ecuador, and more extensive and accurate distributions are summarized for A. chilensis, A. flavorufus, and A. politus. Alophophion flavorufus is newly recorded from Argentina. Key Words Ichneumonoidea, taxonomy, new species, parasitoid, Euhymenoptera, neotropical iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am grateful to the David Wahl (AEIC), Gavin Broad (BMNH), Claire Villemant (MNHN), Marta Loiacono (MLP), Steve Heydon (UCDC), and Gerardo Lamas (MUSM) for loaning material used in this study; to Kai Schütte for providing information about A. holosericeus; to Dan Bennett, Ismael Hinojosa-Diaz, Roxana Arauco, and Matthew Gimmel by reviewing and provide other perspectives; to Manuel Dieguez for locating difficult citations; to Luis Figueroa for helping me to take pictures; and to my Peruvian colleagues for collecting specimens for me. I also thank my M.A. thesis committee at the University of Kansas, Caroline S. Chaboo, Kirsten Jensen and Michel Engel for advice and support during this work. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction …………………………………………………………………………….. 5 Materials and Methods …………………………………………………………….…… 6 Taxonomy ……………………………………………………………………………..…. 8 Alophophion Cushman ……………………………………………….…………. 8 Genus diagnosis remarks …………………………..……………………… 8 Key to Species-groups of Alophophion …………………………..………. 8 Biology …………………………………………………………………… 10 Taxonomic History …………………………………………….…………. 11 Relationships to other genera …………………………………..………… 12 Species-group A ……………………………………………………………….… 13 Key to species of species-group A ………………………………………….……. 14 Alophophion new species 1 …..................................................................... 15 Alophophion new species 2 …..................................................................... 17 Alophophion new species 3 ….................................................................... 18 Alophophion new species 4 …...........................................................….… 20 Alophophion new species 5…........................................................... ….… 21 Alophophion new species 6 …........................................................... ….… 23 Alophophion new species 7 …........................................................... ….… 27 Alophophion new species 8 …................................................................… 26 Alophophion new species 9 …..................................................................... 28 Alophophion new species 10 …................................................................... 29 Alophophion new species 11 …................................................................... 31 Alophophion new species 12 …................................................................... 33 Alophophion new species 13 …......................................................... …….. 35 v Alophophion new species 14 …................................................................... 36 Alophophion new species 15 …................................................................... 38 Alophophion new species 16 …................................................................... 40 Alophophion new species 17 …................................................................... 42 Species-group B ……………..…............................................................................ 43 Key to species of Species-group B ............................................................... 44 Alophophion filicornis (Morley, 1912) ........................................................ 45 Alophophion flavorufus (Brullé, 1846) ........................................................ 46 Alophophion politus (Morley, 1912) ........................................................... 49 Alophophion new species 18 ....................................................................... 53 Alophophion new species 19 ....................................................................... 55 Alophophion new species 20 ....................................................................... 57 Species-group C ..................................................................................................... 58 Key to species of Species group C .............................................................. 59 Alophophion chilensis (Spinola 1851) ......................................................... 62 Alophophion larseni (Enderlein, 1912) ....................................................... 64 Alophophion porculatus (Morley, 1912) ..................................................... 67 Alophophion new species 21 ....................................................................... 68 Alophophion new species 22 ....................................................................... 70 Alophophion new species 23 ....................................................................... 71 Alophophion new species 24 ....................................................................... 72 Alophophion new species 25 ....................................................................... 74 Alophophion new species 26 ....................................................................... 76 Alophophion new species 27 ....................................................................... 77 vi Alophophion new species 28 ........................................................................ 79 Alophophion new species 29........................................................................ 82 Alophophion new species 30 ........................................................................ 83 Alophophion new species 31........................................................................ 85 Alophophion new species 32 ........................................................................ 87 Alophophion new species 33 ........................................................................ 88 Alophophion new species 34 ........................................................................ 90 Alophophion new species 35 ........................................................................ 91 Alophophion new species 36......................................................................... 93 Species-group D ...................................................................................................... 95 Key to species of Species-group D ............................................................... 95 Alophophion new species 37 ........................................................................ 96 Alophophion new species 38 .......................................................................