View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Qucosa - Publikationsserver der Universität Leipzig THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN LANGUAGE ATTITUDES AND SELF-CONCEPT AND ARABIC WRITING AND SPEAKING ABILITY AMONG UNIVERSITY STUDENTS IN INDONESIA Der Fakultät für Geschichte, Kunst- und Orientwissenschaften der Universität Leipzig eingereichte DISSERTATION zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades DOCTOR PHILOSOPHIAE (Dr. phil.) vorgelegt von Kamal Yusuf geboren am 06.06.1979 in Lamongan/Indonesien Gutachter : Prof. Dr. Habil. Eckehard Schulz (Universität Leipzig) Externer Gutachter : Prof. Dr. Abd A’la (UIN Sunan Ampel Surabaya) Leipzig, den 27 November 2017 | 2 Acknowledgment It has been a long process to reach this point. I would like to use this opportunity to express my sincere appreciation and gratitude to people who have contributed to the accomplishment of this work. First of all, I would like to express my highest gratitude to my Doktorvater and supervisor, Prof. Dr. Eckehard Schulz for helping, supporting, and encouraging me in my goal to finish my study. I would like to thank the Directorate of Islamic Higher Education, Ministry of Religious Affairs for granting me the scholarship so I could study in Universität Leipzig. My appreciation also goes to UIN Sunan Ampel that allowed me to continue my study. Ultimately, I would like to thank my parents, family, and especially my angels (Calla, Zofka, and Zaza) for making my days more fruitful. This work is my gift for them. | 3 Abbreviations Dikti : Pendidikan Tinggi (Higher Degree Education) FL : Foreign Language IAIN : Institut Agama Islam Negeri (State Institute for Islamic Studies) MA : Madrasah Aliyah (Islamic High School) MI : Madrasah Ibtidaiyah (Islamic Elementary School) MoNE : Ministry of National Education MoRA : Ministry of Religious Affairs MTs : Madrasah Tsanawiyah (Islamic Junior High School) RA : Raudlatul Athfal (Kindergarten) SD : Sekolah Dasar (Elementary School) SMP : Sekolah Menengah Pertama (Junior High School) SMU : Sekolah Menengah Umum (Senior High School) STAIN: Sekolah Tinggi Agama Islam Negeri (State College for Islamic Studies) STIT : Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Tarbiyah (College Institute for Education) UIN : Universitas Islam Negeri (State Islamic University) UM : Universitas Negeri Malang (State University of Malang) | 4 Table of Contents Acknowledgment ......................................................................................................................... 2 Abbreviations ............................................................................................................................... 3 Bibliographische Darstellung ..................................................................................................... 8 List of Tables ............................................................................................................................... 10 List of Figures ............................................................................................................................. 12 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................... 13 1.1 Background ........................................................................................................................... 13 1.2 Research Questions .............................................................................................................. 17 1.3 Purpose of the Study ........................................................................................................... 18 1.4 Research Assumption .......................................................................................................... 19 1.5 Hypotheses of the Study ..................................................................................................... 19 1.6 Definition of Key Terms ...................................................................................................... 20 1.7 Organization of the Dissertation ........................................................................................ 21 CHAPTER 2 REVIEW OF LITERATURE ............................................................................... 23 2.1 An Overview of Arabic in Indonesia ................................................................................ 23 2.1.1 Arabic and Islam in Indonesia ..................................................................................... 23 2.1.2 Arabic Learning and Teaching in Indonesia ............................................................. 25 2.1.3 Arabic in the Frame of the National Curriculum of Indonesia .............................. 28 2.1.5 Arabic at the University Level (Writing and Speaking) .......................................... 34 2.2 Attitudes ................................................................................................................................ 50 2.2.1 Definitions of Attitudes ................................................................................................ 51 2.2.2 Approaches to Attitudes .............................................................................................. 53 2.2.3 Language Attitudes ....................................................................................................... 55 2.2.4 Scope of the Study ......................................................................................................... 57 2.2.5 Limitations of the Study ............................................................................................... 58 2.2.6 Significance of Studying Language Attitudes ........................................................... 58 | 5 2.2.7 Measuring Attitudes ..................................................................................................... 59 2.2.7 Previous Studies on Language Attitudes .................................................................. 61 2.2.7.1 Studies on Attitudes towards Arabic ................................................................... 62 2.2.7.2 Studies on Attitudes towards Languages other than Arabic ........................... 65 2.2.7.3 Research Gap ........................................................................................................... 67 2.3 Self-Concept .......................................................................................................................... 68 2.3.1 Defining Self-Concept ................................................................................................... 68 2.3.2 The Development of Self-Concept .............................................................................. 70 2.3.3 Factors Influencing Self-Concept ................................................................................ 71 2.3.4 Components of Self-Concept ....................................................................................... 72 2.3.4.1 Academic Self-Concept.............................................................................................. 75 2.3.4.2 Social Self-Concept ..................................................................................................... 76 2.3.4.3 Physical Self-Concept ................................................................................................ 77 2.3.4.4 Emotional Self-Concept ............................................................................................. 77 2.3.5 The Importance of Studying Self-Concept .................................................................... 77 2.3.6 Related Research............................................................................................................ 78 2.3.6.1 Self-Concept and Language Skills ........................................................................ 79 2.3.6.2 Self-Concept and Language Learning Strategies ............................................... 81 2.3.6.3 Self-Concept and Academic Achievement .......................................................... 82 2.3.6.4 Self-Concept and Motivation ................................................................................ 83 2.3.6.5 Previous Studies on Attitudes and Self-Concept ............................................... 84 CHAPTER 3 RESEARCH METHODS .................................................................................... 86 3.1 Research Design ................................................................................................................... 86 3.2 Research Setting and Participants ..................................................................................... 87 3.3 Research Instruments .......................................................................................................... 88 3.4 Pilot Study ............................................................................................................................. 89 3.4.1 Validity Test on the Language Attitudes Questionnaire ......................................... 90 3.4.2 Self-Concept Questionnaire Validity Test ................................................................. 91 3.5 Stages of Research ................................................................................................................ 94 | 6 3.5.1 Distributing Questionnaires ........................................................................................ 94 3.5.2 Administering the Writing Test .................................................................................. 95 3.5.3 Administering