ATHOL FUGARD’S STATEMENTS AFTER AN ARREST UNDER THE IMMORALITY ACT: A REPRESENTATION OF RACIAL OPPRESSION DURING COLONIZATION AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra in English Letters By DWI MONDA ADITYADARMA Student Number: 014214136 ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMME DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS FACULTY OF LETTERS SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA 2009 ii iii iv v = Ask, and it shall be given you; seek, and ye shall find; knock, and it shall be opened unto you; For every one that asketh receiveth; and he that seeketh findeth; and to him that knocketh it shall be opened = MMaatttthheeww 77:: 66--77 vi TThhiiss uunnddeerrggrraadduuaattee tthheessiiss iiss ddeeddiiccaatteedd ttoo TThhoossee wwhhoo nneevveerr ggiivvee uupp oonn mmee vii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First of all, I thank Jesus Christ for helping me to make this thesis come into reality. My gratitude goes to my beloved parents for the greatest love that I can have. All people should be so lucky to have parents like mine. I also thank my brothers and sister for their love and sharing. I would like to thank Mr. G. Fajar Sasmita for being so understanding, motivating and inspiring as I prepared this thesis. I also thank Drs. Hirmawan Wijanarka, M. Hum. as my co advisor for the time, advice, and friendliness. I would also like to thank my academic advisor, Miss Dewi and Miss Tata, who directs me during these years. I would like to thank all my friends in English Letters Sanata Dharma University: Sinda, Ian Zidane, Dian ‘Kiting’, Ayu, Aryani and her husband Adjonk, Lia ‘Nudtz’, Santi, Deni ‘Item’, Kristi, Sandi, Fonny and all of 2001 folks. I thank them for the true friendship they have given to me. I also thank my church friends: Andit, Dinar, Ipanx, Aswan, Paksi, Arni, Dwi, Duto, Intan, Ovie, Wisnu ‘Toekoel’, Eko ‘Gong’ Suyatno, Yopie ‘Kemo’, Haryadi ‘Mbah Kaum’ for their support, critic and never ending help. I would thank my brother and sisters in Domby Kids Hope: Kak Adi, Kak Ira, Kak Ita, Kak Tari for their help and their pray for me. I also would thank Bayu, David and Devi for their support and their pray for me. viii I would like to thank all my relatives: my aunts: Ika, Evi, Ratih, my cousin Anto, my uncle: Agung, Totok, Tono, my grandmother and grandfather. I thank them for their advice, pray and support. Last, but certainly not least, I thank all English Letters’ Lecturers and USD staffs, friends, and all people that I cannot mention one by one whose help is very significant in the process of this undergraduate thesis writing. Dwi Monda Adityadarma ix TABLE OF CONTENTS TITLE PAGE ................................................................................................... i APPROVAL PAGE ......................................................................................... ii ACCEPTANCE PAGE .................................................................................... iii STATEMENT OF WORK’S ORIGINALITY ................................................ iv LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH ........................................................................................................... v MOTTO PAGE ................................................................................................ vi DEDICATION PAGE ...................................................................................... vii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................. viii TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................................................................. x ABSTRACT ..................................................................................................... xi ABSTRAK ....................................................................................................... xii CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION .................................................................. 1 A. Background of the Study ................................................................ 1 B. Problem Formulation ..................................................................... 6 C. Objectives of the Study .................................................................. 6 D. Definition of Terms ........................................................................ 7 CHAPTER II. THEORETICAL REVIEW ................................................. 9 A. Review of Related Studies ............................................................. 9 B. Review of Related Theories ........................................................... 10 C. Review on the Apartheid Era in South Africa ............................... 18 D. Theoretical Framework .................................................................. 21 CHAPTER III. METHODOLOGY ............................................................. 23 A. Object of the Study ........................................................................ 23 B. Approach of the Study ................................................................... 24 C. Method of the Study ....................................................................... 25 CHAPTER IV. ANALYSIS .......................................................................... 27 A. The Characterizations of the Oppressed Characters ...................... 27 B. The Characterization of the Oppressor Character ......................... 41 C. The Representation of Racial Oppression during Colonization Revealed through Characters ........................................................ 42 CHAPTER V. CONCLUSION .................................................................... 48 BIBLIOGRAPHY .......................................................................................... 52 APPENDIX ..................................................................................................... 54 x ABSTRACT DWI MONDA ADITYADARMA. ATHOL FUGARD’S STATEMENTS AFTER AN ARREST UNDER THE IMMORALITY ACT: A REPRESENTATION OF RACIAL OPPRESSION DURING COLONIZATION. Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Sanata Dharma University, 2009. The thesis shows how Athol Fugard exploits his play Statements After an Arrest Under the Immorality Act as a representation of racial oppression during colonization through its characters. Athol Fugard’s play shows that the colonizer is dominating and controlling the life of the colonized people. The writer analyzes (1) How the characterizations of Errol Philander and Frieda Joubert representing the oppressed are, (2) How the characterization of the policemen representing the oppressor is, and (3) How the oppressed and the oppressors in the play represent the racial oppression during colonization. To analyze the play, the writer did several steps. The first was doing close reading of the play. The second was collecting all necessary data and resources, for example looking for the related studies, related theories and the most suitable approach. The related studies and theories, the approach and certain terms are found in encyclopedia and handbook. Finally, the writer found out that postcolonialism was the most suitable approach to analyze the play Statements After an Arrest Under the Immorality Act. The third was doing the analysis by answering the three questions in problem formulation. The last step was drawing a conclusion by making summary of all the findings made in the analysis. The analysis shows how the characters represent the oppressed and the oppressor people with their own stereotypes. Errol Philander and Frieda Joubert represent the oppressed, while the policemen represent the oppressor. As the oppressed, Errol Philander and Frieda Joubert bring his own stereotypes for example, frightened, cowardly, ashamed, and inferior. On the other hand, the policemen are superior. Nevertheless, due to Statements After an Arrest under the Immorality Act as a representation of racial oppression during colonization, Errol also has others stereotype that can be leveled as the oppressor character, such as educated and brave. Analyzing the three characters, the writer concludes that Athol Fugard tries to present racial oppression during colonization by stereotyped through those three characters, those are Errol Philander and Frieda Joubert who are the oppressed coloured man and white woman, and the South African policemen who are white men. Errol Philander suffers from several racial laws which was made by the South African government such as the Bantu Education Act which reduces the level of education attainable by coloured people, the Amendment of the Immorality Act which makes the relationship between a white person and a person from different race as a criminal offense, the Group Areas Act which forbids members of one racial group from occupying property for a different race, etc.. xi ABSTRAK DWI MONDA ADITYADARMA. ATHOL FUGARD’S STATEMENTS AFTER AN ARREST UNDER THE IMMORALITY ACT: A REPRESENTATION OF RACIAL OPPRESSION DURING COLONIZATION. Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Sanata Dharma University, 2009. Skripsi ini menunjukkan bagaimana Athol Fugard menggunakan salah satu hasil karya dramanya yang berjudul Statements After an Arrest Under the Immorality Act sebagai penggambaran dari penindasan diskriminasi rasial selama kolonisasi melalui karakter-karakternya. Karya drama Athol Fugard ini menunjukkan bahwa para penjajah sudah mendominasi dan mengatur kehidupan orang yang terjajah. Penulis menganalisa (1) Bagaimana ciri-ciri karakteristik dari Errol Philander dan