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Ann Arbor, MI 48106 OHIO HOPEWELL SETTLEMENT PATTERNS: AN APPLICATION OF THE VACANT CENTER MODEL TO MIDDLE WOODLAND PERIOD INTRACOMMUNITY SETTLEMENT VARIABILITY IN THE UPPER LICKING RIVER VALLEY DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Paul Joe Pacheco, B.S., B.S., M.A. The Ohio State University 1993 Dissertation Committee: Approved by P.W. Sciulli ZdvTser Department of Anthropology A. Zaharlik To my family and friends ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Many people contributed to the research presented in this dissertation. To each of you who may have helped in some way I owe a debt of thanks. The volunteer spirit exhibited by the individuals who participated in this research is a tribute to the fascination we all share about the human experience. I wish first to express my gratitude to my adviser, Dr. William S. Dancey. Over the course of my graduate education at Ohio State, he has been not only my teacher and mentor, but a trusted colleague and friend. Our long discussions about Hopewell provided the foundation for my work. I appreciate his support, criticisms, and assistance with the many phases and aspects of the research. Special appreciation goes for his help with graphics and data manipulation. Without the donation of Dr. Dancey*s Workstudy students time for data entry, I may have drowned in raw data. I thank the other members of my committee. Dr. Paul Sciulli and Dr. Amy Zaharlik. Dr. Sciulli has been both a mentor and friend, whose dedication to science has inspired me deeply. Special appreciation for his help and consultation with the statistical methods, including use of his computer account. Dr. Zaharlik deserves special thanks for stepping in as a committee member after my committee had dwindled due to members leaving Ohio State. iii I wish to express deep appreciation to the Licking County Archaeology and Landmarks Society for support and assistance throughout the research. Paul Hooge, the Director of LCALS since it's inception, has been a singular force in bringing this research effort to a successful conclusion. He has been a valuable friend and colleague, drawing me into Licking County as a place not only for research, but also for raising my family. Paul made all arrangements for working on the Murphy Property, owned by Herb and Frank Murphy. The Murphy's willingness to allow unrestricted archaeology on their property is an unsurpassed gift to the history of our fine valley. Several colleagues, friends, family members, and volunteers deserve special thanks for their help during this research, including, but not limited to: Dewey Albright, Mark Becker, Erica Biga, Santiago Bueges, Phylis Carroll, Bob Corso, Ada Dimlietner, Joe Dunn, Kristin Ecker, Annette Ericksen, Myra Giesen, Kathy Hooge, Anne Klauder, Anne Lee, Brad Lepper, Giesela McDonald, David Pacheco, Pamela Pacheco, Rochelle Pacheco, William Pickard, Scott Spicer, John Schweikart, Kelly Waugh, Samantha Welsh, Julie Wolford, and Dee Anne Wymer. Last, but certainly the most, I want to thank my wife Michelle and children Jeremy, Samantha, and Miles for their support, understanding, and love during this never ending story. Michelle has carried the financial burden for us for so long that she has become very good at it - without her dedication and love I never would have made it through. Thanks to my parents Joe and Rochelle for fostering curiosity and freedom in me. Finally, thanks to my grandfather, Hyrum Sorensen, for introducing me to the joys of being outdoors. IV VITA September 25, 1961 ....................... Born - Salt Lake City, Utah 1983 ....................................... B.S. Anthropology B.S. Speech Communication Cum Laude, University of Utah 1985 ....................................... M.A. Anthropology, Departmental Distinction The Ohio State University 1986-1991 ................................. Graduate Teaching Associate Department of Anthropology The Ohio State University 1990-Present .............................. Principal Investigator Licking County Archaeology and Landmarks Society Granville, Ohio April 1, 1993 .............. .............. Director Licking County Archaeology and Landmarks Society Granville, Ohio PUBLICATIONS Pacheco, Paul, J . 1988a Spruce Hill Revisited. Ohio Archaeologist 38:13-14. 1988b Ohio Middle Woodland Settlement Variability in the Upper Licking River Drainage. Journal of the Steward Anthropological Societv 18(Nos. 1&2):87-117. 1989 Spatial Distribution of Ohio Woodland Period Mounds in the Lower Muskingum River Drainage. In Anthropology: Unity in Diversity, edited by M. Sidky, J. Foradas, and P. Pacheco, pp. 20-33. Occasional Papers No. 4, Department of Anthropology, The Ohio State University, Columbus. Pacheco, Paul J. continued__ 1991 Woodland Period Archaeology in Central Ohio: A Brief Summary of Contributions by the Licking County Archaeology and Landmarks Society. Ohio Archaeological Council Newsletter 3(3):4-7. 1992 The Legacy of the Moundbuilders: An Overview of Early and Middle Woodland Archaeology in the Licking River Basin. In Vanishing Heritage: the Storv of Archaeology in Licking County, edited by P. Hooge and Bradley I. Lepper, pp. 12-31. Granville, Ohio:Licking County Archaeology and Landmarks Society. Pacheco, Paul J. and James G. Foradas 1987 Holocene Enviromental Change in the Interior Karst Region of San Salvador Island Bahamas: The Pollen Record from Granny Lake. Proceedings of the 3rd International Symposium on the Geology of the Bahamas, edited A. Curran, pp. 115-122. Ft. Lauderdale: CCFL Bahamian Field Station. Pacheco, Paul J. and William Pickard 1992 A Laterally Hafted Hopewell Bladelet from Dow Chemical #2. Ohio Archaeologist, 42(2):12-15. Sciulli, Paul, Paul J. Pacheco, and Dee Anne Wymer 1989 Traumatic Injury to a Late Prehistoric Central Ohio Individual. Journal of Paleopathology 2:3-8. Sciulli, Paul, Paul J. Pacheco, and Charles Janini 1991 Variation in the Limb Bones of Terminal Late Archaic Populations of Ohio. Midcontinental Journal of Archeology. 16:247-271. Sidky, M., James Foradas, and Paul J. Pacheco (editors) 1989 Anthropology: Unity in Diversity. Occasional Papers No. 4, Department of Anthropology, The Ohio State University, Columbus. FIELDS OF STUDY Major Field: Anthropology Minor Field: North American Prehistory - Eastern Woodlands Settlement Archaeology ........................ W.S. Dancey W.S. Sumner Hopewell/Middle Woodland Archaeology ......... W.S. Dancey Environmental Ecology ......................... P. Colinvaux Quantitative Methods .......................... P. Sciulli vi TABLE OF CONTENTS DEDICATION ........................................................... ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ..................................................... iii VITA .................................................................. V LIST OF TABLES ...................................................... ix LIST OF FIGURES ..................................................... x CHAPTER PAGE I. INTRODUCTION .................................................. 1 The Prufer Model of Ohio Hopewell Settlement.Patterns ...................................... 1 Plan of Dissertation ..................................... 5 II. EXPLORING THE VACANT CENTER MODEL ........................... 7 Terminology for Ohio Hopewell Domestic Units; Hamlets and Households .................................. 7 Aspects of the Vacant Center Model ..................... 9 A Formal Model of Ohio Hopewell Community Organization .............................................. 20 The Problem Defined ...................................... 25 III. AN EXPLANATORY FRAMEWORK FOR OHIO HOPEWELL COMMUNITY ORGANIZATION .................................................