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RG.AU/POOLINGIDEAS Nuclear Italy An International History of Italian Nuclear Policies during the Cold War edited by Elisabetta Bini and Igor Londero with the collaboration of Giulia Iannuzzi EUT EDIZIONI UNIVERSITÀ DI TRIESTE Contents 9 Abbreviations Elisabetta Bini and Igor Londero 15 Introduction Part I - Civilian Uses of Nuclear Energy Elisabetta Bini 23 Atoms for Peace (and War): US Forms of Influence on Italy’s Civilian Nuclear Energy Programs (1946-1964) Fabio Lavista 41 Political Uncertainty and Technological Development: The Controversial Case of AGIP Nucleare (1956-1962) Barbara Curli 57 Italy, Euratom and Early Research on Controlled Thermonuclear Fusion (1957-1962) Mauro Elli 77 Italy in the European Fusion Programme during the 1980s: A Preliminary Overview G. B. Zorzoli 91 Did the Italian Decision Makers Understand that Nuclear Is Not Business as Usual? 5 Part II - Military Aspects of Nuclear Power Massimiliano Moretti 105 A Never-Ending Story: The Italian Contribution to FIG Leopoldo Nuti 119 Italy as a Hedging State? The Problematic Ratification of the Non-Proliferation Treaty Matteo Gerlini 141 Energy Independence vs. Nuclear Safeguards: the US Attitude toward the European Fast Breeder Reactors Program Marilena Gala 151 Italy’s Role in the Implementation of the Dual-Track Decision Part III - Public Opinion and Anti-nuclear Movements Laura Ciglioni 165 Italian Mass Media and the Atom in the 1960s: The Memory of Hiroshima and Nagasaki and the Peaceful Atom (1963-1967) Giulia Iannuzzi 181 Italian Science Fiction, Nuclear Technologies: Narrative Strategies between the “Two Cultures” (1950s-1970s) Renato Moro 199 Against the Euromissiles: Anti-nuclear Movements in 1980s Italy (1979-1984) Angelo Baracca, Saverio Craparo, Roberto Livi, Stefano Ruffo 213 The Role of Physics Students at the University of Florence in the Early Italian Anti-nuclear Movements (1975-1987) Part IV - The Role of Scientists and Scientific Research Giovanni Paoloni 229 Nuclear Energy and Science Policy in Post-war Italy Lodovica Clavarino 245 “Many Countries Will Have the Bomb: There Will Be Hell”: Edoardo Amaldi and the Italian Physicists Committed to Disarmament, Arms Control and Détente 6 Carlo Patti 259 An Unusual Partnership: Brazilian-Italian Forms of Cooperation in the Nuclear Field (1951-1986) Giorgio Ferrari Ruffino 271 A Particular Experience: How a Nuclear Expert Became an Antinuke 287 Abstracts 297 Contributors 305 Index 7 Abbreviations AA/USP Arquivo Álvaro Alberto, Centro Interunidade de História da Ciência, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil AAm Archivio Amaldi, Dipartimento di Fisica, Università “La Sapienza”, Roma, Italia AAn Archivio Andreotti, Istituto Luigi Sturzo, Roma, Italia AAPD Akten zur Auswärtigen Politik der Bundesrepublik Deutschland, Das Institut für Zeitgeschichte, Berlin, Germany ABC Academia Brasileira de Ciência ACDA Arms Control and Disarmament Agency ACS Archivio Centrale dello Stato, Roma, Italia AEC Atomic Energy Commission AECL Atomic Energy of Canada Ltd. AEP Archivio Enrico Persico, Dipartimento di Fisica, Università “La Sapienza”, Roma, Italia AGIP Azienda Generale Italiana Petroli AHCEA Archives historiques du Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique, Fontenay- aux-Roses, France AHMRE Arquivo Histórico do Ministério das Relações Exteriores, Brasília, Brasil AM Archivio Aldo Moro AMN Ansaldo Meccanico Nucleare APA Ambasciata di Parigi APDA Atomic Power Development Associates APNB Arquivo Paulo Nogueira Batista, Centro de Pesquisa e Documentação sobre a História Contemporânea do Brasil, Fundação Getulio Vargas, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil ASE ENI Historical Archive, Pomezia (Roma), Italia ASMAE Archivio Storico Diplomatico del Ministero degli Affari Esteri, Roma, Italia ASPR Archivio Storico Presidenza della Repubblica, Roma, Italia AUSSME Archivio dell’Ufficio Storico dello Stato Maggiore dell’Esercito BNFL British Nuclear Fuel Limited BWR boiling water reactor CAMEN Centro per le Applicazioni Militari dell’Energia Nucleare 9 Abbreviations CBPF Centro Brasileiro de Pesquisas Físicas CBTN Companhia Brasileira de Tecnologia Nuclear CCFP Consultative Committee on the Fusion Programme CdG Comité de gestion/Comitato di gestione CEA Commissariat à l’énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives CEP Calcolatrice Elettronica Pisana CERN Centre Européen pour la Recherche Nucléaire CFPF Central Foreign Policy Files CIA Central Intelligence Agency CIP Campo Internazionale per la Pace CIPE Comitato Interministeriale per la Programmazione Economica CIRENE CISE Reattore a Nebbia CIRTEN Consorzio Interuniversitario per la Ricerca Tecnologica Nucleare CISE Centro Informazioni Studi ed Esperienze CIT Compact Ignition Tokamak CN Combustibili nucleari CNEN Comissão Nacional de Energia Nuclear CNEN Comitato Nazionale per l’Energia Nucleare CNPq Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa CNR Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche CNRN Comitato Nazionale per le Ricerche Nucleari Coren Combustibili per reattori nucleari CPF Comitato Politico di Fisica DC Democrazia Cristiana DDF Documents Diplomatiques Françaises DFR Douneray Fast Reactor DGAP Direzione Generale Affari Politici DP Democrazia Proletaria DSSMD Diario Storico di Stato Maggiore della Difesa EC European Community EDC European Defence Community EDF Électricité de France EEC European Economic Community ELDO European Launcher Development Organisation ENEA Comitato nazionale per la ricerca e lo sviluppo dell’Energia Nucleare e delle Energie Alternative ENEL Ente Nazionale per l’Energia Elettrica ENI Ente Nazionale Idrocarburi 10 Abbreviations ENSI Energia Nucleare Sud Italia EPR Evolutionary Power Reactor ESRO European Space Research Organisation Euratom European Atomic Energy Community EURODIF European Gaseous Diffusion Uranium Enrichment Consortium FBR fast breeder reactor FGCI Federazione Giovanile Comunista Italiana FIG France, Italy, Germany FN Fabbricazioni Nucleari FOIA Freedom of Information Act FOM Fundamental Research on Matter, Institute for Plasma Physics, Nieuwegein FORATOM European Atomic Forum FT Frascati Tokamak FTU Frascati Tokamak Upgrade GIAU Gruppo Italiano Arricchimento Uranio GLCM ground launched cruise missiles HAEU Historical Archives of the European Union, European University Institute, San Domenico di Fiesole (Firenze), Italia HC Archives du Haut-Commissaire à l’énergie atomique HLG High Level Group HWR heavy water reactor IAEA International Atomic Energy Agency IBRD International Bank for Reconstruction and Development ICBSA Istituto Centrale per i Beni Sonori ed Audiovisivi, Roma, Italia IFOR International Fellowship of Reconciliation IGNITOR Ignited Torus IMAC International Meeting Against Cruise INF intermediate-range nuclear forces INFCE International Nuclear Fuel Cycle Evaluation INFN Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare IPQ Instituto de Pesquisa Química IRI Istituto per la Ricostruzione Industriale IRIS International Reactor Innovative and Secure ISODARCO International School on Disarmament and Research on Conflicts ITER International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor JCL Jimmy Carter Library, Atlanta, Georgia, United States JET Joint European Torus JRC Joint Research Centre 11 Abbreviations LASL Los Alamos Scientific Lab LEU low enriched uranium LGI Laboratorio