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Ann Arbor, MI 48106 THE LATE PREHISTORY OF NORTHWESTERN OHIO DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosphy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Jonathan Emerson Bowen, B.A., M.A, ***** The Ohio State University 1992 Dissertation Committee: Approved By T. Cavender W.S. Dancey P.W. Sciulli Advisor R.W. Yerkes Department of Anthropology To Martha Potter Otto, Curator of Archaeology, Ohio Historical Society. 11 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Although numerous people helped me in many ways throughout the completion of this study, several must be mentioned individually. My data base was greatly increased because David Stothers of the University of Toledo loaned me several faunal assemblages so that I could analyze them, G. Michael Pratt of Heidelberg College, as well as George DeMuth and Randy Yingling of the Archaeological Society of Ohio also made faunal samples available to me for study. Finally, I thank the members of my committee, Ted Cavender, William Dancey, and Paul Sciulli, and my advisor Richard Yerkes, for their help and guidance over the years. Ill VITA Personal Information Name: Jonathan Emerson Bowen Birthdate: May 9, 1957 Education 1979 Bachelor of Arts, The Ohio State University 1980 Master of Arts, The Ohio State University Department of Anthropology Publications Bowen, Jonathan. 1974 A Reworked Sinuous-Sided Point. Ohio Archaeologist 21(1):20. 1976 The Appalachian Archaic of the Upper Green Creek Drainage. Ohio Archaeologist 26(4):8-10. 1979 Two Triangular Point Varieties from the Maumee- Sandusky Bay Region. Ohio Archaeologist 29(4):34-35. 1980 The Sandusky Tradition. Toledo Area Aboriginal Research B ulletin 9:39-58. 1981 The Gibbs Settlement Area. Ohio Archaeologist 31(2):35. 1983 A Storage Pit Burial from Pearson Village I. Ohio Archaeologist 33(2):43. IV 1986a A Trapezoidal Pendant from Seneca County, Ohio. Ohio Archaeologist 36(3):11. 1986b Prehistoric Ceramics from the Scioto County Home Site (33 Sc 17). Ohio Archaeologist 36(4):35-36. 1986c Late Archaic Occupations at the Scioto County Home Site (33 Sc 17). Ohio Archaeologist 37(1);15-17. 1990a The Paleo-Indian and Early Archaic of the Mohican River D rainage. Ohio Archaeologist 40(l):30-33. 1990b Early Archaic of the Upper Portage River Drainage. Ohio Archaeologist 40(2):24-27. 1990c Early Archaic of the Lower Sandusky River Drainage. Ohio Archaeologist 40(3):32-36. 1990d Thebes Cluster Early Archaic Knives in the Buckeye Lake Region. Ohio Archaeologist 40(4);15-16. 1991a The Early Archaic Savannah Lakes Phase of North- Central Ohio. Ohio Archaeologist 41(l):24-28. 1991b A Possible Fourth Millennium BC Component at 33 Wo 372. Ohio Archaeologist 41(2):28-29. 1991c Western Basin Late Woodland Faunal Remains in Ohio. Ohio Archaeologist 41(2):32-34. 1991d Esch Phase Hopewellian Middle Woodland Remains in Eastern Erie County, Ohio. Ohio Archaeologist 41(4);23. Fields of Studv Major Field: Anthropology: Ted Cavender - piscine remains in archaeology; William Dancey - settlement patterns; Paul Sciulli - human osteology; and Richard Yerkes - subsistence studies. Culture Area Specialization: Eastern North American prehistory TABLE OF CONTENTS DEDICATION .............................................................................................. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ....................................................................... iii VITA ............................................................................................................... iv LIST OF TABLES ...................................................................................... viii LIST OF FIGURES .................................................................................... xii CHAPTER PAGE I. THE PROBLEM .......................................................................... 1 Introduction .......................................................................... 1 Models of Climatic Change .............................................. 10 Settlement-Subsistence M odels ...................................... 14 Objectives of This Study ................................................... 17 II. ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING ................................................ 30 Physiography ....................................................................... 30 W aterways ............................................................................ 32 C lim a te .................................................................................... 34 P r a ir ie s .................................................................................... 35 M ammals ............................................................................... 36 B ir d s ......................................................................................... 41 Fish ......................................................................................... 44 N uts ......................................................................................... 44 Human Exploitation of Resources ................................. 45 VI III. PREVIOUS RESEARCH ........................................................... 53 Culture H istory .................................................................... 53 Settlement/Subsistence ..................................................... 58 IV. SETTLEMENT PATTERNS....................................................... 62 Introduction ......................................................................... 62 Early Woodland (750 B.C.-A.D. 1 ) ................................. 62 Middle W oodland (A.D. 1 -5 0 0 ) ......................................... 63 Early Late Woodland (A.D. 500-900) ............................ 64 Younge phase (A.D. 900-1200) ......................................... 65 Crow Bottom phase (A.D. 900-1200) ............................ 65 Springwells/Wolf phases (A.D. 1200-1500) .................. 65 Fort Meigs phase (A.D. 1500-1600) ............................... 68 Indian Hills phase A.D. 1600-1650) ............................... 70 Conclusions ............................................................................ 71 V. TOOLS AND FACILITIES ......................................................... 73 Introduction ......................................................................... 73 Projectile Points .................................................................. 73 Other Tools ............................................................................ 78 F a c ilitie s ................................................................................. 79 VI. SUBSISTENCE ............................................................................. 81 Introduction ......................................................................... 81 Faunal Analysis .................................................................. 82 Stable Carbon Isotopes ..................................................... 84 Deer ......................................................................................... 86 Other Terrestrial V ertebrates ......................................... 92 Fish ......................................................................................... 103 C o r n ......................................................................................... 104 C onclusion .............................................................................. 110 VII. CONCLUSIONS ........................................................................... 113 LIST OF REFERENCES ......................................................................... 123 APPENDIX A Tables Containing Basic Study D ata ............................. 131 vn LIST OF TABLES TABLES PAGE 1. Major archaeological sites used in this study ...................... 4 2. Archaeological sites within northwestern Ohio excavated by Bowen from 1976-1991 ...................................