Using Unix in the QED 1998 Sean Parkinson Contents 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Forward . 1 1.2 Organization of this Document . 1 1.3 Conventions . 3 2 Getting Started 4 2.1 Logging In . 4 2.1.1 A Typical Unix Command . 5 2.1.2 Helping Yourself . 6 2.2 Leaving the Computer . 7 3 The Unix Filesystem 8 3.1 Moving about the Filesystem . 11 3.1.1 Looking at Directories with ls .......................... 11 3.1.2 The Current Directory and cd .......................... 12 3.2 Manipulating the Filesystem . 14 3.2.1 Creating and Removing Directories with mkdir and rmdir . 14 3.2.2 Copying files with cp ................................ 15 3.2.3 Removing Files with rm .............................. 17 3.2.4 Moving files with mv ................................ 17 3.3 Permissions|What Unix remembers about a file . 18 3.3.1 Concepts of file permissions. 18 3.3.2 Interpreting file permissions. 19 3.3.3 Changing permissions with chmod ........................ 20 i ii CONTENTS 3.4 Looking at files . 21 3.4.1 Quick file viewing with cat ............................ 21 3.4.2 Nicer file viewing with more or with less .................... 21 3.4.3 Looking at the head or tail of a file . 22 3.5 Information Commands . 22 3.5.1 Searching a text file with grep .......................... 22 3.5.2 Counting characters, lines or words with wc ................... 23 3.5.3 Comparing files with diff ............................. 23 3.6 Miscellaneous commands . 24 3.6.1 Using ispell to check your spelling . 24 3.6.2 Archiving with tar ................................. 24 3.6.3 Compressing files with gzip ............................ 25 3.6.4 Copying files to and from DOS floppies with mcopy . 25 3.7 Printing commands . 26 3.7.1 Printing a file on qed or Frisch . 26 3.8 Summary of basic Unix commands. 27 4 Working with Unix 29 4.1 Wildcards . 29 4.2 Time Saving with bash .................................. 30 4.2.1 Command-Line Editing . 30 4.2.2 Command and File Completion . 30 4.3 The Standard Input and The Standard Output . 31 4.3.1 Unix Concepts . 31 4.3.2 Output Redirection . 31 4.3.3 Input Redirection . 32 4.3.4 The Pipe . 33 4.4 Multitasking . 33 4.4.1 Using Job Control . 33 4.4.2 The Theory of Job Control . 37 4.5 Process priority with using nice ............................. 39 4.6 Using nohup to keep jobs running after you logout . 39 CONTENTS iii 4.7 bash Customization . 39 4.7.1 Shell Startup . 39 4.7.2 Startup Files . 40 4.7.3 Aliasing . 40 5 The X Window System 43 5.1 What is The X Window System? . 43 5.2 Starting X . 43 5.3 What's This on my Screen? . 44 5.3.1 X applications . 44 5.3.2 XTerm . 44 5.3.3 Window Managers . 44 5.4 Things common to all X programs . 45 5.4.1 Geometry . 45 5.4.2 Display . 46 5.5 Copying and Pasting text . 48 5.6 Exiting X . 49 6 File Editors 50 6.1 What's Emacs? . 50 6.2 Getting Started Quickly in X . 52 6.3 Editing Many Files at Once . 53 6.4 Ending an Editing Session . 54 6.5 The Meta Key . 54 6.6 Cutting, Pasting, Killing and Yanking . 54 6.7 Searching and Replacing . 55 6.8 Asking Emacs for Help . 56 6.9 Specializing Buffers: Modes . 57 6.10 Programming Modes . 57 6.10.1 C Mode . 57 6.10.2 TEXMode . 57 6.11 Being Even More Efficient . 58 iv CONTENTS 7 LATEX 59 7.1 Step 1. Choose a document class . 62 7.2 Step 2. Packages, Macros and Sectional units . 64 7.3 Step 3. Prepare your input file . 65 7.3.1 LATEX commands . 66 7.3.2 Environments . 67 7.4 Steps 4-6, Compiling, Error messages and previewing . 67 7.4.1 Previewing your document . 70 7.4.2 Printing your document from qed . 70 7.5 Wrap-up . 70 7.5.1 Typesetting Mathematical Formulae { Math Mode . 71 8 Electronic Mail with Pine 74 8.1 Writing a Message in Pine . 75 8.2 Listing, Viewing, Replying to, and Forwarding Messages . 78 8.3 Pine Folders . 79 8.4 Saving a Message . 80 8.5 Deleting a Message . 81 8.6 Using the Address Book . 82 8.7 Guidelines and tips for Using Email . 83 8.8 Quitting Pine . 84 9 Using remote systems 85 9.1 Using Systems by Remote . 85 9.2 Exchanging Files . 85 9.3 Using ssh and scp . 86 10 Econometric software 90 10.1 SHAZAM . 90 10.2 TSP . 92 10.3 LIMDEP . 94 10.4 STATA . 95 10.5 Maple . 98 Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 Forward This document is part of a program being developed to meet the needs of both new and experienced computing resource users at the Queen's Economics Department (QED), including students and faculty. It is designed to meet the specific demands of users within the.