Natural Genius: Approaches and Challenges to Applying Biomimetic Design Principles in Architecture A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for graduation with Departmental Honors in the Program in Environmental Design by Danielle Brodrick Program in Environmental Design University of Colorado Boulder April 8th, 2020 Examining Committee: Seth Wilberding Thesis Chair Program in Environmental Design Lisa Barlow Committee Member Environmental Studies Program Danielle Bilot Committee Member Program in Environmental Design Natural Genius: Approaches and Challenges to Applying Biomimetic Design Principles in Architecture i Abstract This study explores how architects apply biomimetic design processes in their practice. To investigate this phenomenon, eight prominent design professionals from the United States, Canada, and Germany were interviewed to ascertain the opportunities they encounter and the challenges they face when applying biomimetic approaches. Interview data were analyzed according to a hermeneutic coding process to identify emergent themes, such as constraints, common research practices, and gaps in knowledge, as well as the interrelationships between those themes. All synthesized themes were presented as a series of observations, insights, and guidelines to help inform the biomimetic design process for architecture. A set of results were compiled from the collected data in the form of five main themes: the biomimetic design process, systems thinking, resources, opportunities and existing gaps, and constraints. These observations, insights, and guidelines are intended to present biomimetic design to architectural designers as a list of recommendations to allow for biomimicry to become a more widespread design approach. Study IRB Approval Approval to conduct the research reported in this thesis was given by The University of Colorado Boulder’s Institutional Review Board (IRB) on 11th November 2019. (Protocol Number 19-0569). Natural Genius: Approaches and Challenges to Applying Biomimetic Design Principles in Architecture ii Table of Contents Abstract ii Study IRB Approval ii Table of Contents iii List of Figures iv Introduction 1 Biomimetic and Traditional Design Approaches Defined 8 Research Problem 11 Research Objectives 12 Research Question 13 Literature Review 13 Method 21 Data Collection and Analysis 25 Data Collection 25 Data Analysis 26 Results 27 Theme 1: Biomimetic Design Process 27 Theme 2: Systems Thinking 31 Theme 3: Resources 32 Theme 4: Opportunities and Existing Gaps 34 Theme 5: Constraints 37 Discussion 41 Research Limitations and Recommedations for Future Research 44 Conclusion 45 Key Conclusions and Implications for Architects 47 Works Cited 48 Appendix A: Format for Interview Questions 53 Appendix B: Designers Interviewed 55 Appendix C: IRB Ethics Approval 56 Natural Genius: Approaches and Challenges to Applying Biomimetic Design Principles in Architecture iii List of Figures Figure 1: Drawing of one of Leonardo Davinci’s Flying Machines (Source: Cerovic, N. https://fineartamerica.com/featured/leonardo-da-vinci-antique-flying-machine-under- parchment-nenad-cerovic.html) 2 Figure 2: Antoni Gaudi’s La Sagrada Familia, Barcelona, Spain (Source: Andriotis, M. https://www.architecturaldigest.com/story/incomplete-la-sagrada-familia-barcelona- construction-permits) 3 Figure 3: Closeup of burdock seed (Arctium lappa) [left]) and structure of Velcro [right] that shows the influence of biomimetic design. (Source: Edwards, L. https://abundary.com/nature-develop-advanced-tech/) 4 Figure 4: The beak of the kingfisher (Alcedines) [left] influenced the design of Japan’s Shinkansen trains [right]. (Source: Weinzettl, J. https://www.xing.com/news/insiders/articles/biomimicry-learning-from-nature-626416) 5 Figure 5: Macrotermes termite (Macrotermitinae sp.) hills influenced the design of the Eastgate Center, Harare, Zimbabwe. Diagrammatic depiction of termite structure’s airflow [left]) and of the structure’s airflow [right] that shows the influence of biomimetic design. (Source: Pearce, M. https://www.mickpearce.com/Eastgate.html/) 6 Figure 6: Venus’ flower basket (Euplectella aspergillum) influenced the design of 30 St. Mary London, United Kingdom. Venus’ flower basket (Euplectella aspergillum) [left]) and 30 St. Mary [right]. (Sources: https://asknature.org/strategy/silica-skeleton-is-tough-and- stable/ & http://www.harvarddesignmagazine.org/issues/35/30-st-mary-axe) 7 Figure 7: Diagrams of structural wind deflection of 30 St. Mary Axe, London, United Kingdom. (Source: Massey, J. https://www.archdaily.com/447205/the-gherkin-how-london-s- famous-tower-leveraged-risk-and-became-an-icon-part-2) 8 Figure 8: Diagram of the conventional architectural design process recognized by AIA and NCARB depicting the linear process of architectural design (Source: HMH Architects https://hmhai.com/design-phases/) 10 Figure 9: Diagram depicting the Biomimicry Institute’s biomimetic design process showing the reiterative process of biomimetic design (Source: Biomimicry Institute https://biomimicry.net/thebuzz/resources/biomimicry-designlens/) 11 Natural Genius: Approaches and Challenges to Applying Biomimetic Design Principles in Architecture iv Figure 10: Diagrams of two applications of biomimetic design to architecture as developed by the Biomimicry Institute. Design looking to biology design depicting design challenges being solved by biological solutions [left] and biology influencing design in which biological characteristics are applied to design [right] (Source: Biomimicry Institute https://biomimicry.net/thebuzz/resources/biomimicry-designlens/) 14 Figure 11: Carl Hastrich’s Design spiral depicting a step by step process of applying biological solutions to design (Source: Hastrich, C. https://toolbox.biomimicry.org/wp- content/uploads/2017/10/Design.Spiral-Diagram_10.17.pdf) 15 Figure 12: Biomimicry 3.8’s Life’s Principles which are a set of 26 guidelines made up operating conditions almost all living organisms follow (Source: Biomimicry Institute https://glbiomimicry.org/Education/Lifes_Principles_Handout_FINAL.pdf/) 16 Natural Genius: Approaches and Challenges to Applying Biomimetic Design Principles in Architecture v Introduction Biological processes have shaped the lives of organisms over the last 3.8 billion years. Over the course of history, humans have emulated many biological processes and forms in order to improve their lives. This process of emulating the natural systems that have endured and survived over this period, now known as biomimicry, has served to guide design innovation and solutions throughout history. The term biomimicry comes from the Greek, with bios meaning life and mimesis meaning imitation (Reed, 2003). Some of the earliest examples of biomimicry date back thousands of years and have served as the foundation of some of our most fundamental inventions. Biomimetic forms inspired architectural elements in ancient Greece and Rome, as many structural details were based on biological systems. For example, the Ancient Greeks applied one major innovation in classical architecture, the structural column, in many of their buildings, a practice that was inspired by the vertical structure of trees and their proportions (Rain & Sassone, 2014). Biological processes also influenced Leonardo da Vinci’s design of “flying machines” in 1505, as the artist and inventor based these on the flight processes and anatomy of birds that he observed in nature (Jakab, 2013). While Da Vinci’s designs were never realized, they would later influence the work of the Wright Brothers, as they too looked to the anatomy of birds to develop the first airplanes. Natural Genius: Approaches and Challenges to Applying Biomimetic Design Principles in Architecture 1 Figure 1: Drawing of one of Leonardo Davinci’s Flying Machines (Source: Cerovic, N. https://fineartamerica.com/featured/leonardo-da-vinci-antique-flying-machine-under-parchment-nenad- cerovic.html) Biological processes would go on to inspire the work of some of the most prominent designers of the last century, such as Catalan architect Antoni Gaudí i Cornet. Gaudi often drew his inspiration from nature, and many of his most well-known buildings, such as La Sagrada Familia cathedral in Barcelona, feature flowing lines that freed themselves from the more geometric design styles of the period. Gaudi was not only inspired by biological forms, but also by the processes and forces defined by nature (Strautman, 2017). If Gaudi were working today, many would consider him as employing biomimetic processes on both a functional and aesthetic level (Strautman, 2017). Natural Genius: Approaches and Challenges to Applying Biomimetic Design Principles in Architecture 2 Figure 2: Antoni Gaudi’s La Sagrada Familia, Barcelona, Spain (Source: Andriotis, M. https://www.architecturaldigest.com/story/incomplete-la-sagrada-familia-barcelona-construction-permits) In the latter half of the 20th century, biomimicry continued to influence design innovation. For example, in 1955 the Swiss electrical engineer George de Mestral developed Velcro after he observed how the seeds of burdock plants (Arctium lappa) adhered to his clothes after a walk in the woods. Mestral noticed that these seeds featured burrs that could attach to loops and used this biological form to create a material to bind plastic strips that are widely used today. Natural Genius: Approaches and Challenges to Applying Biomimetic Design Principles in Architecture 3 Figure 3: Closeup of burdock seed (Arctium lappa)