HELPING SMALLSTOCK KEEPERS ENHANCE THEIR LIVELIHOODS: IMPROVING MANAGEMENT OF SMALLHOLDER OWNED SHEEP AND GOATS BY UTILISING LOCAL RESOURCES Proceedings of the second DFID Livestock Production Programme Link Project (R7798) workshop for smallstock keepers Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania, 8-10 January 2002 SMITH, T., GODFREY, S.H., BUTTERY, P.J. AND OWEN, E., (Eds.) (2002) Helping Smallstock Keepers Enhance their Livelihoods: Improving Management of Smallholder Owned Sheep and Goats by Utilising Local Resources: Proceedings of the Second DFID Livestock Production Programme Link Project (R7798) Workshop for Smallstock Keepers. Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania. 8-10 January 2002. Natural Resources International Ltd, Aylesford, Kent, UK. ISBN: 09539274-4-x CONTENTS Editor's note.......................................................................................................................... i Acronyms............................................................................................................................. ii Introduction ......................................................................................................................... iv The Link Project: Introduction Introduction to the Livestock Production Programme (LPP) Link Project ...........................1 Goat production in Tanzania: background Goat production in Tanzania: an overview ..........................................................................9 Participatory research and extension in Tanzania: experiences from Mgeta and Gairo ...................................................................................19 From the forests to drug discovery: What should be the approach? A case study....................................................................25 Validation of Albizia Anthelmintica as an anthelmintic against helminths in calves ...........................................................................................................31 Goat keepers cluster projects reports Project R7424 Can feeding locally available plant material rich in tannins reduce parasitic burden in ruminants and hence improve their productivity................................................39 Effect of condensed tannin extracts on gastrointestinal nematodes of small ruminants..............................................................................................................43 Project R7351 Dichrostachys cinerea pods as a protein supplement for goats fed on hay based diets.............................................................................................................57 Acacia and other tree pods as dry season feed supplements for goats ...........................69 Project R6953 Improving productivity of goats during the rainy season in rural Karnataka .....................77 Participatory goat trials in India: experiences and lessons ...............................................87 Project R7634 Community-based goat productivity improvement in Central and South Meru districts of Kenya: characterisation of farm resources and capacities for keeping local goats or different grades of cross-bred goats ......................97 Project R7632 The contribution of goats to the livelihoods of resource poor crop and livestock keepers in Nepal, and the use of banmara as a forage for goats ...................105 Project R8151 Improving the livelihood of resource-poor goat farmers in Southern Africa through strategic drug and nutritional interventions against gastro-intestinal nematode infections ........................................................................................................111 Related activities Community based forage development programme: the experiences of the Farm Africa goat project in Ethiopia............................................117 Involving farmers in research technology development ..................................................125 Use of nuclear and related techniques to develop simple tannin assays for predicting and improving the safety and efficiency of feeding ruminants on tanniniferous tree foliage: summary of the second meeting of the IAEA CRP(d3.10.22) group in Piracicaba, Brazil, 19-23 November 2001 ................133 Protocol for faecal egg counts .........................................................................................137 The next steps Outputs from the workshop; the future ............................................................................139 Appendix Participants at the workshop ...........................................................................................143 Project details ..................................................................................................................145 EDITORS NOTE This document summarises the events, action points and conclusions of a United Kingdom Department for International Development's Livestock Production Programme funded workshop on ‘Helping smallstock keepers enhance their livelihoods: improving management of smallholder owned sheep and goats by utilising local resources’, held at the University of Sokoine, Morogoro, Tanzania between 7th and 10th January 2002. In editing the contributions made by the speakers and participants some omissions and misrepresentations of the facts may have been inadvertently made. For these the editors apologise. Tim Smith, Sarah Godfrey, Peter Buttery and Emyr Owen i ACRONYMS ADF Acid detergent fibre ADIN Acid detergent insoluble nitrogen AHP Animal Health programme ASARECA Association for Strengthening of Agricultural Research in East and Central Africa CD Compact disk CP Crude protein CSM Cottonseed meal DFID Department for International Development DGDP Dairy Goat Development Project EE Ether extract ENRECA Enhancing Research Capability EPG Eggs per gram FAO Food and Agricultural Organization FPR Farmer participatory research FINNIDA Finnish Development Agency GLM General linear models GP Goat Project Hh Households HPI Heifer Project International IAEA International Atomic Energy Agency ILRI International Livestock Research Institute LPP Livestock Production Programme KKKT Kanisa la Kienjili la Kilutheri MAC Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives (Tanzania) Mc2 Small scale mechanized mixed farming MPT Multi-purpose trees NDF Neutral detergent fibre ii NDIF Neutral detergent insoluble fibre NR Natural region ODA Overseas Development Administration OM Organic matter OMD Organic matter digestibility Pe1 Perennial mixed home garden farming PEG Polyethylene glcol PRA Participatory rural appraisal PTD Participatory technical development PDMI Predicted dry matter intake QT Querbacho tannin RPCLK Resource poor crop livestock keepers RDP Rumen degradable protein SEA Small East African (goat) SEGODEN South eastern Zone goat development network SOWEGODEN South western Zone goat development network STIR Short term intake rate TAGONET Tanzania Goat Network TPFOL Total phenolics TWAWOSE 'Let Us Go Together' TWB Total worm burden UMG Urea molasses granules WT Wattle extract YbPL Ytterbium precipitable phenolics iii INTRODUCTION In large parts of the tropics small ruminants, especially goats, are an essential component of maintaining the livelihood of the urban and peri-urban populations. This has been recognised by the United Kingdom Department for International Development's Livestock Production Programme, managed by NR International who have commissioned projects in several different target countries. In order to ensure that there is exchange of expertise between these projects and, therefore, an increase in their combined impact, a meeting of the participants of three projects, from Tanzania, Zimbabwe and India, was held in Udiapur, India in September 2000. This meeting clearly achieved its objectives and a follow-up meeting was recommended, but this time increasing the participation to include projects supported by other agencies. A workshop was, therefore, held at the University of Sokoine, Morogoro, Tanzania in January 2002. This volume presents the proceedings of that meeting, where the findings of the individual projects were presented. The workshop formed the focus for the creation of a network of workers all with the common aim of increasing the impact of projects designed to improve the livelihood of under-resourced livestock farmers. The success of the meeting owes a lot to Professors Abiliza Kimambo and Louis Mtenga of the University of Sokoine, who acted as hosts for the meeting and undertook so much of the local organization. This publication is an output from a research project funded by the United Kingdom Department for International Development (DFID) for the benefit of developing countries. The views expressed are not necessarily those of DFID. R7798, Livestock Production Research Programme. Peter Buttery Photograph of participants at the workshop iv The Link Project: introduction INTRODUCTION TO THE LPP LINK PROJECT R7798 J I RICHARDS Natural Resources International Ltd, Park House, Bradbourne Lane, Aylesford, Kent, ME20 6SN I am grateful for this opportunity to address this second meeting of the LPP link project on sheep and goats. I would like to cover three issues during this short address: first, to emphasise what the planning committee hope to achieve from the meeting; second, to try and place into context the work which we will be discussing and reviewing over the next 2 days; and third, to present some views of future thinking of DFID (UK Department for International Development) about the