ORGANIC FOUNDATION COURSE A READER FOR ORGANIC DEVELOPMENT ORGANIC FOUNDATION ORGANIC FOUNDATION COURSE A READER FOR ORGANIC DEVELOPMENT ORGANIC FOUNDATION COURSE A READER FOR ORGANIC DEVELOPMENT Published in the Republic of Korea by IFOAM - Organics Asia, September 2020 Compiled and edited by Konrad Hauptfleisch, Starfish Organic The contents, statements and recommendations in this book have been compiled by the authors and contributors to the best of their knowledge. As we are all human, the possibility of mistakes cannot be entirely ruled out. The editors and authors are not subject to any obligation and make no guarantee whatsoever regarding any of the statements in this work; neither do they accept responsibility or liability for any possible mistakes contained therein. The opinions expressed in this publication do not necessarily represent the position of IFOAM-Organics Asia. Reproduction in full or part of this publication is encouraged, subject to the express requirement that the title of the publication and the publisher (IFOAM-Organics Asia) is identified and credited. © 2020 ALGOA and IFOAM - Organics Asia List of Contributors Konrad Hauptfleisch, Starfish Organic Shaikh Tanveer Hossain, Ambassador, IFOAM Organics International and ALGOA / Senior Program Officer, Asian Productivity Organization, Japan Mathew John, Director, Keystone Foundation Sabyasachi Roy, National Dairy Board, India Joy Daniel, Executive Director, Ipok Foundation Miyoshi Satoko, Board Member, IFOAM Asia Jennifer Chang, Executive Director, IFOAM Asia Akihiro Asami, Organic Farmer Ji Young Moon, Manager, Hansalim Li Feng, Country Director, IFOAM Asia China Office Indro Surono, Board Member, IFOAM Asia Thomas Jacob, Peermade Development Society (PDS) Spices, India Julia Lernoud, Board Member, IFOAM – Organics International Helga Willer, Research Institute of Organic Agriculture (FiBL), Frick, Switzerland, www.fibl.org Yoko Taniguchi, Assoc. Prof., Setsunan University, Japan Roopa Prabhakar, PGS Organic Council of India Karthik Gunasekar, PGS Organic Council of India Vic Tagupa Jr, COO, IFOAM Asia Jostein Hertwig, Organic Food Systems Programme David Gould, FoodChainID Table of Contents Preface ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 06 1. Why do we need to change? ................................................................................................................................................................. 07 Agriculture’s heavy footprint ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 08 Broken nutrient cycles ................................................................................................................................................................................................. 09 Pesticide poisoning ....................................................................................................................................................................................................... 09 Threatened production resources ......................................................................................................................................................................... 10 Loss of agricultural land .............................................................................................................................................................................................. 10 Biodiversity loss ............................................................................................................................................................................................................... 10 2. Our Roots: History and pioneers of organic agriculture ..................................................................................... 12 HISTORY AND EARLY PIONEERS ................................................................................................................................................................... 12 PIONEERS OF ORGANIC AGRICULTURE IN INDIA ............................................................................................................................ 14 Bhaskar Save: the Gandhi of natural organic farming from India ..................................................................................................... 14 Dr. Alexander Daniel .................................................................................................................................................................................................. 20 PIONEERS OF ORGANIC AGRICULTURE IN JAPAN .......................................................................................................................... 25 Masanobu Fukuoka ................................................................................................................................................................................................... 25 Yoshinori and Tomoko Kaneko ............................................................................................................................................................................ 27 PIONEERS OF ORGANIC AGRICULTURE IN SOUTH KOREA ...................................................................................................... 31 Won, Kyung Sun, the Father of Organic Agriculture ............................................................................................................................... 31 Park, Jae-il, Founding President of Hansalim ............................................................................................................................................. 33 PIONEER OF ORGANIC AGRICULTURE IN THE PHILIPPINES ................................................................................................... 37 The Local Government of Dumingag Municipality .................................................................................................................................... 37 PIONEERS OF ORGANIC AGRICULTURE IN CHINA .......................................................................................................................... 40 Organic Food Development Center of the Ministry of Environmental Protection .................................................................... 40 PIONEERS OF ORGANIC AGRICULTURE IN INDONESIA ............................................................................................................. 42 P. Agatho Elsener ........................................................................................................................................................................................................ 42 3. Definitions and principles of organic agriculture ........................................................................................................ 43 The Definition of Organic Agriculture ................................................................................................................................................................... 43 The 4 Principles of organic agriculture ............................................................................................................................................................... 46 4. The basics of organic production ................................................................................................................................................... 48 Putting principles into practice ................................................................................................................................................................................ 48 Pest and Disease Management ............................................................................................................................................................................. 51 Case study: PDS Spices, India ............................................................................................................................................................................... 54 5. Trade and Consumption ............................................................................................................................................................................. 58 Organic Agriculture Around the World – A Snapshot ................................................................................................................................. 58 The Status of Organic Agriculture in Asia ......................................................................................................................................................... 63 Case Study 1: Hansalim Movement .................................................................................................................................................................... 67 Case Study 2: The Case of Organic Fukushima Adachi ......................................................................................................................... 70 6. Organic guarantee systems .................................................................................................................................................................. 72 Supporting and ensuring organic integrity ......................................................................................................................................................