DO NOT EDIT--Changes must be made through “File info” CorrectionKey=TX-B SECTION 2 History and TEKS 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B, 3A, 3B, 3C, 3D, 4B, 4C, 15B, 18B, 21B, Culture 21C, 22D What You Will Learn… If YOU lived there... Main Ideas You own a general store in Calgary, Alberta, in the early 1880s. Your 1. Beginning in the 1600s, Euro- town is a center for agriculture and ranching on the prairies around peans settled the region that you. Still, it sometimes feels very isolated. You miss your family in would later become Canada. 2. Immigration and migration to Ontario. Now the news comes that the Canadian Pacific Railway will cities have shaped Canadian soon reach Calgary. It will connect the town with all of central and culture. eastern Canada. The Big Idea How will the railroad change your life? Canada’s history and culture reflect Native Canadian and European settlement, immigra- tion, and migration to cities. BUILDING BACKGROUND Canada is a close neighbor with the United States. The two countries are linked by a common language Key Terms and Places provinces, p. 176 and a history of British colonial rule. But the two countries developed Quebec, p. 176 in different ways. Canada’s diverse population developed its own British Columbia, p. 176 culture and way of life. Toronto, p. 178 History Use the graphic organizer online As the ice sheets of the ice ages melted, people moved into all to take notes on the history and areas of what is now Canada. As they did elsewhere in the Amer- culture of Canada. icas, these ancient settlers adapted to the physical environment. Canada’s History New France Known as the Father of New France, explorer Samuel de Champlain estab- lished Quebec in Native Canadians 1608. Thousands of years ago, ancestors of Native Canadians and the Inuit settled Canada. 174 CHAPTER 7 DO NOT EDIT--Changes must be made through “File info” CorrectionKey=TX-B Native Canadians New France Ancestors of Native Canadians and the France was the first European country to Inuit (IH-nu-wuht) people were the first successfully settle parts of what would ACADEMIC Canadians. Over time, native peoples become Canada. The French established VOCABULARY divided into groups that became known Quebec City in 1608. They called their new establish to set up or create as the First Nations. One group living on territories New France. At its height, New Canada’s vast interior plains, the Cree, France included much of eastern Canada were skilled bison hunters. In the far north and the central United States. the Inuit adapted to the region’s extreme New France was important for several cold, where farming was impossible. By reasons. It was part of the French Empire, hunting seals, whales, walruses, and other which provided money and goods to animals, the Inuit could feed, clothe, and French settlers. It also served as a base to house themselves. Today about 400,000 spread French culture. Native Canadians and Inuit live in Canada. France had to compete with Britain, another European colonial power, for con- European Settlement trol of Canada. To defend their interests Other people migrated to Canada from against the British, the French built trade Europe. The first Europeans in Canada and diplomatic relationships with Native were the Vikings, or Norse. They settled on Canadians. They exported furs, fish, and Newfoundland Island in about AD 1000, other products from New France to oth- but later abandoned their settlements. In er parts of their empire. In addition, the the late 1400s other Europeans arrived and French sent manufactured goods from explored Canada. Soon more explorers France to New France. French missionaries and fishermen from western Europe began also went to New France to convert people crossing the Atlantic. to Christianity. Trade quickly developed between the All of these efforts protected French Europeans and Native Canadians. Europe- interests in New France for 150 years, until ans valued the furs that Native Canadians the British finally defeated the French. supplied. The Canadians wanted European Although it did not last, New France metal goods like axes and guns. Through shaped Canada’s cultural makeup. The trading, they began to also exchange foods, descendants of French settlers form one of clothing, and methods of travel. Canada’s major ethnic groups today. Dominion of Canada British After 1867, Settlement Canadians cre- ated their own The British built government and forts throughout a mounted police Canada like this force patrolled the one in Halifax, border with the Nova Scotia. United States. CANADA 175 DO NOT EDIT--Changes must be made through “File info” CorrectionKey=TX-A British Conquest The British divided Quebec into In the mid-1700s, the rivalry between two colonies. Lower Canada was mostly France and England turned to war. The French-speaking, and Upper Canada was conflict was called the French and Indi- mostly English-speaking. The boundary an War. This was the war that resulted in between Upper and Lower Canada forms the British taking control of New France part of the border between the provinces of away from the French. A small number of Quebec and Ontario today. Provinces are French went back to France. However, the administrative divisions of a country. To great majority stayed. For most of them, the east, the colony of Nova Scotia (noh- few changes occurred in their daily activi- vuh SKOH-shuh) was also divided. A new ties. They farmed the same land, prayed in colony called New Brunswick was created the same churches, and continued to speak where many of the British settlers lived. French. Few English-speaking settlers came to what is now called Quebec. Creation of Canada For several decades these new colonies developed separately from each other. The colonists viewed themselves as differ- Canadian Pacific Railroad ent from other parts of the British Empire. Therefore, the British Parliament cre- ated the Dominion of Canada in 1867. A dominion is a territory or area of influence. For Canadians, the creation of the Domin- ion was a step toward independence from Britain. The motto of the new Dominion was “from sea to sea.” How would Canadians create a nation Since 1885, the Canadian from sea to sea? With railroads. When Pacific Railway has snaked the Dominion was established, Ontario through the Canadian Rock- ies on its way to the Pacific and Quebec were already well served by coast. railroads. British Columbia, on the Pacific coast, was not. To connect British Colum- bia with the provinces in the east, the Canadians built a transcontinental rail- road. Completed in 1885, the Canadian Pacific Railway was Canada’s first trans- continental railroad. After the Canadian Pacific Railway linked the original Canadian provinces to British Columbia, Canada acquired vast lands in the north. Much of this land was bought from the Hudson’s Bay Company, a large British fur-trading business. Most of the people living in the north were Native Canadians and people of mixed European and native ancestry. With the building 176 CHAPTER 7 DO NOT EDIT--Changes must be made through “File info” CorrectionKey=TX-A Canada’s Major Languages e ARCTIC l c r 170°W i OCEAN C Place Canada’s languages include English, c i t 160°W c r Greenland A French, and several Native Canadian languages. (DENMARK) 150°W 140°W 1. Locate In what region do most Canadians mg7fvs_canmap016ba130°W Beaufort Baffin speak French? HRW-MS Geography Maps Bay Sea 2. Draw Conclusions Why do you think few Canada: Official Language ALASKA English speakers live in the Canadian North? Final(U.S.) pass--7/7/05 60°W 60°N Labrador Sea 90°W 50°N Concentrations wg7fvs_cancht008a N E of Speakers Hudson English nal2 50°W Bay W S French 7/21/05 Cree Inuktitut Athapaskan PACIFIC 40°N 0 350 700 Miles OCEAN 0 350 700 Kilometers Projection: Lambert UNITED STATES ATLANTIC OCEAN Azimuthal Equal-Area Canadian Ethnic GroupsHRW-MS World Geography mg7fvs_canmap016ca Canada: Official Language Legend MG7FVS canmap016aa 6% HRW-MS Geography Maps of the railroad and the signing of treaties ReplacementBritish Isles origin Final pass – 7/21/05 Canada: Major Languages of Canada with Native Canadians, early Canadian 28% French origin 26% Replacement settlers created a way for more people to Final pass--7/21/05 Other European settle Canada’s new territories. Native Canadians Mixed background READING CHECK Summarizing How was 2% 15% 23% Other, mostly Asian, Canada linked from sea to sea? African, Arab Culture Canada’s people reflect a history of British Immigration and French colonial rule. In addition, the During the late 1800s and early 1900s, country has experienced waves of immi- many immigrants came to Canada from gration. The country is home to a great Europe. Most were from Britain, Russia, variety of people who belong to different and Germany. Some people also came ethnic groups and cultures. Although indi- from the United States. While most of vidual groups still keep their own cultural these immigrants farmed, others worked ways, many Canadians have tried to create in mines, forests, and factories. a single national identity. CANADA 177 DO NOT EDIT--Changes must be made through “File info” CorrectionKey=TX-A Other immigrants were lured to Cana- and Ontario supplied the country with da in 1897 by the discovery of gold in the minerals and hydroelectricity. As a result, Yukon Territory. Many people from the Canadians enjoyed one of the highest stan- United States migrated north in search of dards of living in the world by the 1940s. Canada’s gold. FOCUS ON Immigrants also came to Canada from Movement to Cities READING Asian countries, especially China, Japan, After World War II, another wave of immi- What details of and India.