Comparative Analysis of Bus Public Transport Concession Models Full Report ii iii Content 1. Introduction ................................................................................................................................................................... 1 2. Case Studies................................................................................................................................................................... 4 2.1 London ............................................................................................................................................................................. 4 2.1.1 Public Transport Overview ........................................................................................................................... 4 2.1.2 History of Bus Services and Organization ............................................................................................... 6 2.1.3 Institutional Organization ............................................................................................................................. 7 2.1.4 Regulatory Framework ................................................................................................................................... 8 2.1.5 Bus Operation Contracts ............................................................................................................................... 9 2.1.6 Roles and Responsibilities of the Authority and Operators .......................................................... 13 2.1.7 Tendering Process ......................................................................................................................................... 15 2.1.8 Revenue and Costs ........................................................................................................................................ 17 2.1.9 Results of Contract Implementation ...................................................................................................... 18 2.1.10 Conclusions .................................................................................................................................................... 21 2.2 Bogota ........................................................................................................................................................................... 22 2.2.1 Public Transport Overview ........................................................................................................................ 22 2.2.2 History of Bus Services and Organization ............................................................................................ 23 2.2.3 Institutional Organization .......................................................................................................................... 24 2.2.4 Regulatory Framework ............................................................................................................................... 27 2.2.5 Bus Operation Contracts ............................................................................................................................ 28 2.2.6 Revenue and costs ........................................................................................................................................ 35 2.2.7 Results of Contract implementation ...................................................................................................... 41 2.2.8 Conclusions ..................................................................................................................................................... 42 2.3 Mexico City .................................................................................................................................................................. 43 i 2.3.1 Public Transport Overview ........................................................................................................................ 43 2.3.2 History of Bus Services and Organization ............................................................................................ 44 2.3.3 Institutional Organization .......................................................................................................................... 45 2.3.4 Regulatory Framework ............................................................................................................................... 46 2.3.5 Bus Operation Contracts ............................................................................................................................ 47 2.3.6 Corridor Distribution ................................................................................................................................... 51 2.3.7 Revenue and Costs ........................................................................................................................................ 52 2.3.8 Results of Contract Implementation ...................................................................................................... 53 2.3.9 Conclusions ..................................................................................................................................................... 54 2.4 Stockholm .................................................................................................................................................................... 55 Public Transport Overview ........................................................................................................................ 55 History of Bus Services and Organization ............................................................................................ 55 Institutional Organization .......................................................................................................................... 56 Regulatory Framework ............................................................................................................................... 57 Bus Operation Contracts ............................................................................................................................ 59 Tendering Process ......................................................................................................................................... 63 Revenue and Costs ........................................................................................................................................ 64 Results of Contract Implementation .................................................................................................... 66 Conclusions .................................................................................................................................................... 68 2.5 Uberlandia ................................................................................................................................................................... 69 Public Transport Overview ........................................................................................................................ 69 History of Bus Services and Organization ........................................................................................... 70 Institutional Organization .......................................................................................................................... 71 Regulatory Framework ............................................................................................................................... 72 Bus Operation Contracts ........................................................................................................................... 72 Tendering Process ........................................................................................................................................ 78 ii Revenue and Costs ....................................................................................................................................... 79 Results of Contract Implementation .................................................................................................... 79 Conclusions .................................................................................................................................................... 81 2.6 Pasto .............................................................................................................................................................................. 82 2.6.1 Public Transport Overview ........................................................................................................................ 82 2.6.2 Institutional Organization .......................................................................................................................... 85 2.6.3 Regulatory Framework ............................................................................................................................... 90 2.6.4 Bus System Transformation ...................................................................................................................... 93 2.6.5 Risk Allocation ............................................................................................................................................. 100 2.6.6 Lessons Learned and Conclusions ....................................................................................................... 101 2.7 León ............................................................................................................................................................................