PAN-EURASIAN EXPERIMENT (PEEX) SCIENCE PLAN PAN-EURASIAN EXPERIMENT PEEX SCIENCE PLAN Editors Hanna K. Lappalainen Markku Kulmala Sergej Zilitinkevich 2 PAN-EURASIAN EXPERIMENT (PEEX) SCIENCE PLAN PUBLICATION DETAILS Editors of this document are Hanna K. Lappalainen, Markku Kulmala and Sergej Zilitinkevich. Editorial Board members are Tuukka Petäjä, Veli-Matti Kerminen, Theo Kurten, Alexander Baklanov, Valery Bondur, Huadong Guo and Ella-Maria Duplissy. The list of Contributing Authors is provided in Appendix-1. The content of the PEEX Science Plan has arisen from the scientific outcomes of the PEEX meetings held in 2012-2014 in Helsinki (2012), Moscow (2013), Hyytiälä (2013), Beijing (2013) and St. Petersburg (2014), and from specific comments and contributions received during the science plan writing process. Copies of this version of the Science Plan can be downloaded from the PEEX website. Hard copies can be ordered from PEEX headquarters, the PEEX Program Office in Helsinki: PEEX PROGRAM OFFICE DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS DIVISION OF ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES P.O. BOX 64 FI-00014 UNIVERSITY OF HELSINKI FINLAND WEB: www.atm.helsinki.fi/peex ISBN 978-951-51-0587-5 (printed) ISBN 978-951-51-0588-2 (online) COPYRIGHT © 2015 Front cover photos: Ella-Maria Duplissy and Xie Yuning Thematic photos and graphic design: Ella-Maria Duplissy, Hanna K. Lappalainen and Stephany Buenrostro Mazon 3 PAN-EURASIAN EXPERIMENT (PEEX) SCIENCE PLAN EURASIAN PAN-EURASIAN EXPERIMENT (PEEX) The Eurasian Pan-Eurasian Experiment (PEEX) is a multidisciplinary, multi-scale program focused on solving grand challenges in northern Eurasia and China focusing in Arctic and boreal regions. PEEX will also help to develop service, adaptation and mitigation plans for societies to cope with global change. It is a bottom-up initiative by several European, Russian and Chinese research organizations and institutes with co-operation of US and Canadian organizations and Institutes. The PEEX approach emphasizes that solving challenges related to climate change, air quality and cryospheric change requires large-scale coordinated co-operation of the international research communities. Strong involvement and international collaboration between European, Russian and Chinese partners is needed to answer the climate policy challenge: how will northern societies cope with environmental changes? The promoter institutes of this initiative are the University of Helsinki and the Finnish Meteorological Institute in Finland; the Institute of Geography of Moscow State University, AEROCOSMOS, and the Institute of Atmospheric Optics (Siberian branch) of the Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS) in Russia; the Institute of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth (RADI) of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) and the institute for climate and global change research of Nanjing University in China. PEEX is built on collaboration by EU, Russian and Chinese parties, involving scientists from various disciplines, experimentalists and modelers, and international research projects funded by European, Russian and Chinese funding programs. The first active PEEX period is 2013–2033, though PEEX will continue until 2100. The first PEEX meeting was held in Helsinki in October 2012. PEEX is open for other institutes to join. VISION PEEX is a multidisciplinary, multi-scale research initiative aiming at resolving the major uncertainties in Earth System and Global Sustainability Science concerning the Arctic and boreal Pan-Eurasian regions including the impact and influence of China. The vision of PEEX is to solve interlinked global grand challenges influencing human well-being and societies in northern Eurasia and China in an 4 PAN-EURASIAN EXPERIMENT (PEEX) SCIENCE PLAN integrative way, recognizing the significant role of boreal and Arctic regions in the context of global change. The list of grand challenges cover subjects such as climate change, air quality, biodiversity loss, chemicalization, food supply, energy production and fresh water supply. The PEEX vision includes the establishment and maintenance of long-term, coherent and coordinated research and education activities and continuous, comprehensive research infrastructures in the PEEX domain. PEEX aims to contribute to the Earth system science agenda and climate policy in topics important to the Pan-Eurasian environment, and to provide adaptation and mitigation strategies for the Northern Pan-Eurasian and Chinese societies related to Grand Challenges particularly climate change and air quality. MISSION PEEX aim to be a next-generation natural sciences and socio-economic research initiative using excellent multi-disciplinary science with clear impacts on future environmental, socio-economic and demographic development of the Arctic and boreal regions as well as of China. PEEX is also a science community building novel infrastructures in the Northern Pan-Eurasian region and in China. PREFACE The precursor idea of the Eurasian Pan-Eurasian Experiment (PEEX) was introduced in 2011 in a paper titled “On measurements of aerosol particles and greenhouse gases in Siberia and future research needs”, published in the Boreal Environment Research by Kulmala et al. This paper gave an overview of the aerosol and greenhouse gas (GHG) observation activities in the Siberian region, and addressed the importance of land-atmosphere dynamics of Siberian boreal forests for the climate system. The idea of the pan-Siberian experiment (PSE) was to organize a measurement program for aerosols, GHGs and biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs), and to establish a coherent, coordinated observation network from Scandinavia to China, together with a science program focused on understanding processes in the land–atmosphere interface. Soon, the idea of PSE was expanded to cover the whole Northern Pan-Eurasian 5 PAN-EURASIAN EXPERIMENT (PEEX) SCIENCE PLAN geographical domain, and was renamed the Pan-Eurasian Experiment (PEEX). The initiators of the PEEX idea were academy professor Markku Kulmala from the University of Helsinki, Division of Atmospheric Sciences (ATM), and professor Sergej Zilitinkevich from the Finnish Meteorological Institute and the University of Nizhny Novgorod. The first Pan-Eurasian Experiment (PEEX) meeting was organized on 2–4 October 2012 by the University of Helsinki (ATM) and the Finnish Meteorological Institute. The first PEEX meeting gathered nearly 100 participants from Europe, Russia and China. Based on the meeting presentations and working group discussions, the research needs and the most urgent research questions of the Pan-Eurasian region were listed, and the first outline of the PEEX science plan was drafted. The PEEX preparatory phase organization was also established. It was agreed that the preparatory phase committee members, which are also the promoter institutes of the PEEX initiative, are the University of Helsinki, the Finnish Meteorological Institute, the Institute of Geography, Moscow State University, AEROCOSMOS, and the Institute of Atmospheric Optics (Siberian branch) of the Russian Academy of Sciences. It was also agreed that the PEEX preliminary phase program office, which acts as the headquarters of PEEX, would be established in Helsinki. So far, the 1st PEEX meeting in Helsinki has been followed by four other PEEX meetings taking place in Moscow (12.–14. February 2013), in Hyytiälä, Finland (26.–28. August 2013) and in St. Petersburg (4.–6. March 2014). The PEEX China kick-off was held in Beijing in November 2013 at the institute of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth (RADI) of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS). RADI has joined the PEEX preparatory phase committee member institutes, and has established the PEEX China office at the premises of RADI. As part of the PEEX China activities, the PEEX regional office was established at the Institute for climate and global change research at Nanjing University, which has been a long- term collaborator of the University of Helsinki in developing an in-situ atmospheric observations framework in China. Since the 1st meeting in Helsinki, the PEEX science community from Europe, Russian and China has contributed to the content of the PEEX science plan in many ways. These include introducing research themes in the PEEX meetings, 6 PAN-EURASIAN EXPERIMENT (PEEX) SCIENCE PLAN sending specific comments to the science plan, contributing to the editorial processing of the existing content, and writing sections related to specific areas of interest. The final version released in February 2015, in connection with the 1st PEEX science conference and the 5th PEEX meeting in Helsinki. After this point, the PEEX initiative will move towards detailed planning of the implementation of the PEEX infrastructure (coherent in-situ observation network, coordinated use of remote sensing observations, data systems and modeling platform). PEEX will continue to fill in the observational gap in atmospheric in-situ and ground base remote sensing data in the Siberian and Far East regions, and start the process toward standardized and harmonized data procedures. The future PEEX-RI conceptual design will find synergies with the major European land-atmosphere observation infrastructures such as the ICOS (a research infrastructure to decipher the greenhouse gas balance of Europe and adjacent regions), ACTRIS (aerosols, clouds, and trace gases research infrastructure network-project 2011– 2015), GAW (Global Atmospheric Watch), and ANAEE (the experimentation in terrestrial ecosystem research) networks, and with the flagship measurement